Effects of exposure to glyphosate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and lung function in maize farmers, Northern Thailand

Table 3 Effects of exposure to glyphosate on oxidative stress and inflammation after glyphosate application (N = 180)

Factors	Increased MDA		Decreased GHS		Increased CRP
Factors	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Age (years)	-0.002	-0.004, -0.000*	0.001	-0.001, 0.001	-0.002	-0.011, 0.007
Gender (male vs female (ref.))	-0.017	-0.061, 0.027	0.002	-0.026, 0.030	0.105	-0.111, 0.320
Education (primary school vs secondary school or higher (ref.))	0.017	-0.011, 0.045	-0.008	-0.026, 0.010	0.167	0.030, 0.305*
BMI (kg/m²)	-0.004	-0.007, -0.001*	0.000	-0.002, 0.002	0.024	0.008, 0.040**
Smoking status (yes vs no (ref.))	0.015	-0.023, 0.053	0.002	-0.022, 0.026	0.075	-0.110, 0.260
Alcohol consumption (yes vs no (ref.))	-0.005	-0.048, 0.039	-0.008	-0.036, 0.020	-0.048	-0.260, 0.164
Co-morbidities (yes vs no (ref.))	-0.002	-0.025, 0.022	0.005	-0.010, 0.019	0.133	0.020, 0.250*
Urinary glyphosate levels (μg/g creatinine)	0.024	0.000, 0.047*	-0.022	-0.037, -0.007**	0.044	-0.069, 0.157

MDA Malondialdehyde, GHS Glutathione, CRP C-reactive Protein, β Beta, 95% CI 95% confidence interval. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01

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