Individual, community and societal correlates of insecticide treated net use among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-level analysis

Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11635-6

Table 3 Effect of individual, community and societal level factors on ITN utilisation among pregnant women

From: Individual, community and societal correlates of insecticide treated net use among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-level analysis

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
	Empty Model		OR	[95% Crl]	OR	[95% Crl]	OR	[95% Crl]	aOR	[95% Crl]
Fixed effect
*Individual level*
Age, years
15–19			0.85	[0.30–0.23]					0.84	[0.67–1.24]
20–24			1.16	[0.88–1.53]					1.18	[0.84–1.30]
25–29			1.14	[0.87–1.50]					2.02	[0.81–3.01]
30–34			1.14*	[1.06–1.49]					1.11**	[1.18–1.60]
35–39			1.08	[0.82–1.43]					1.14	[0.79–1.51]
40–44			1.06	[0.79–1.42]					2.09	[0.66–2.39]
45–49			1	[1]					1	[1]
Education
No education			1.13	[0.95–1.34]					1.15*	[1.03–2.10]
Primary			1.13	[0.96–1.34]					1.17*	[1.07–1.32]
Secondary			1.09	[0.93–1.28]					1.08	[0.91–1.28]
Higher			1	[1]					1	[1]
Marital Status
Married			1.08	[0.99–1.17]					1.09	[0.99–1.27]
Cohabiting			1	[1]					1	[1]
Health Decision Making
Alone			1.20	[0.88–1.63]					1.21	[0.78–1.72]
With Partner			1.31	[0.97–1.77]					1.31	[0.91–1.80]
Husband/Partner Alone			1.35*	[1.02–1.82]					1.37	[0.94–1.69]
Other person			1	[1]					1	[1]
Wanted current pregnancy
Wanted			1.06	[0.95–1.20]					1.12**	[1.03–1.22]
Later			1.07	[0.94–1.21]					1.09*	[1.04–1.18]
Not at all			1	[1]					1	[1]
Health Insurance
No			0.75***	[0.66–0.85]					0.77***	[0.63–0.88]
Yes			1	[1]					1	[1]
Frequency of listening to radio
Not at all			0.93	[0.76–1.14]					0.92*	[0.77–0.96]
Less than once a week			1.02	[0.84–1.26]					1.04	[0.83–1.30]
At least once a week			1.12	[0.92–1.37]					1.14	[0.94–1.41]
Almost every day			1	[1]					1	[1]
Frequency of watching T.V
Not at all			1.33**	[1.08–1.64]					1.29*	[1.12–1.32]
Less than once a week			1.15	[0.92–1.44]					1.18	[0.91–1.46]
At least once a week			1.14	[0.93–1.42]					1.20	[0.91–1.48]
Almost every day			1	[1]					1	[1]
Frequency of reading Newspaper
Not at all			0.97	[0.63–1.50]					0.99	[0.67–1.48]
Less than once a week			1.04	[0.67–1.61]					1.09	[0.81–1.88]
At least once a week			1.10	[0.71–1.71]					1.14	[0.75–1.81]
Almost every day			1	[1]					1	[1]
*Community level*
Residence
Urban					1.02	[0.96–1.09]			1.21**	[1.14–1.30]
Rural					1	[1]			1	[1]
Wealth quintile
Poorest									0.68***	[0.72–0.90]
Poorer									1.08	[0.93–1.16]
Middle									1.09	[0.89–1.14]
Richer									1.04	[0.85–1.06]
Richest									1	[1]
Family head
Male					1.31***	[1.21–1.41]			1.31***	[1.29–1.42]
Female					1	[1]			1	[1]
Community literacy level
Low					1	[1]			1	[1]
Medium					1.17	[0.94–1.21]			1.21	[0.92–1.29]
High					2.11**	[1.99–3.21]			2.26**	[2.11–3.20]
Community socio-economic status
Low					1	[1]			1	[1]
Medium					1.72*	[1.40–1.91]			1.75*	[1.40–2.22]
High					2.22**	[2.05–3.24]			2.28**	[2.12–3.39]
*Societal level*
Geographical location in SSA
Western							16.45***	[3.67–73.92]	19.51***	[5.19–33.04]
Eastern							13.91***	[3.46–55.95]	15. 69***	[4.70–30.19]
Central							14.56***	[3.65–58.10]	16.13***	[3.81–29.99]
Southern							1	[1]	1	[1]
Random-effect
Societal factors
Variance (95% CrI)	1.54	[1.21–1.87]	1.56	[1.22–1.91]	1.55	[1.24–1.89]	1.45	[1.17–1.64]	1.51	[1.15–1. 71]
VPC %, (95% Crl)	38.05	[25.60–49.20]	33.40	[21.80–39.80]	22.89	[15.64–29.1]	30.9	[21.50–44.60]	39.70	[34.01–43.05]
MOR (95% Crl)	2.02	[1.55–2.43]	2.04	[1.56–2.48]	2.10	[1.55–2.42]	2.90	[2.48–3.14]	4.47	[3.53–4.97]
Explained variation (%)	1.00	[1]	33.7	[31.8–39.5]	24.43	[19.8–30.1]	15.2	[14.30–15.80]	24.09	[21.40–28.90]
Community level
Variance (95% CrI)	0.33	[0.28–0.38]	0.33	[0.28–0.39]	0.34	[0.27–0.38]	0.38	[0.32–0.44]	0.46	[0.35–0.49]
VPC %(95% Crl)	20.90	[13.0–27.5]	20.70	[12.7–27.4]	20.71	[17.41–29.34]	18.21	[14.80–26.41]	19.74	[13.7–25.22]
MOR (95% CrI)	1.73	[1.66–1.80]	1.73	[1.64–1.80]	1.81	[1.62–1.72]	1.92	[1.21–2.05]	1.81	[1.69–1.88]
Explained variation (%)	1.00	[1]	45.30	[41.5–50.9]	33.6	[28.7–38.9]	28.92	[22.41–33.82]	65.4	[59.2–72.1]
Model fit statistics
Bayesian DIC	33,666		33,449		34,590		33,355		35,765
Sample size
Societal level	21		21		21		21		21
Community level	9350		9350		9350		9350		9350
Individual level	25,473		25,473		25,473		25,473		25,473

OR Odds Ratio, CrI Credible Interval, VPC Variance Partition Coefficient, MOR Median Odds Ratio; 1 = reference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001]

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