Table 2 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with the cigarette and waterpipe dependence scores and symptoms of dependence (HONC scores) due to cigarette and waterpipe smoking (N = 363)

 Male

3.23

1.18

9.70

4.89

 Female

1.60

2.52

4.56

7.73

 p

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 95% CI of the mean difference

0.96, 2.30

−1.86, −0.83

3.28, 6.98

−4.15, − 1.53

 Single/divorced/widowed

2.18

2.13

6.26

6.84

 Married

2.62

1.48

8.09

5.69

 p

0.253

0.021

0.08

0.113

 95% CI of the mean difference

−1.19, 0.32

0.10, 1.20

−3.89, 0.22

−0.27, 2.56

 Primary and Complementary (10 years or less)

4.91 (3.01, 6.80)

2.55 (1.09, 4.00)

12.27 (7.17, 17.37)

8.73 (5.06, 12.40)

 Secondary (11–13 years)

3.37 (2.27, 4,48)

1.91 (0.95, 2.87)

9.44 (6.47, 12.41)

6.86 (4.54, 9.18)

 University (14 years or more)

1.99 (1.65, 2.34)

1.87 (1.58, 2.15)

6.11 (5.14, 7.09)

6.22 (5.51, 6.92)

 p

0.001

0.485

0.005

0.369

 Beirut

2.32 (1.62, 3.02)

2.16 (1.62, 2.70)

6.48 (4.49, 8.47)

7.24 (5.74, 8.74)

 Mount Lebanon

2.22 (1.70, 2.73)

1.45 (1.09, 1.81)

6.60 (5.19, 8.01)

5.37 (4.53, 6.21)

 North

3.11 (2.02, 4.20)

2.50 (1.57, 3.43)

9.20 (6.40, 11.99)

7.80 (5.54, 10.07)

 South

1.80 (0.88, 2.72)

1.89 (1.05, 2.72)

6.13 (3.45, 8.81)

6.60 (4.37, 8.83)

 Bekaa

2.53 (1.35, 3.70)

2.56 (1.40, 3.72)

7.00 (3.78, 10.22)

7.15 (4.70, 9.60)

 p

0.401

0.116

0.459

0.429

Cumulative cigarette smoking r (95% CI)

0.420^a (0.336, 0.504)

−0.215^a (− 0.307, − 0.124)

0.515^a (0.439, 0.591)

− 0.265^a (− 0.347, − 0.184)

Cumulative waterpipe smoking r (95% CI)

−0.188^a (− 0.282, − 0.095)

0.333^a (0.244, 0.422)

−0.205^a (− 0.297, − 0.113)

0.414^a (0.338, 0.489)

Age r (95% CI)

0.180^b (0.051, 0.309)

− 0.159^c (− 0.289, − 0.03)

0.259^a (0.133, 0.385)

− 0.152^c (− 0.270, − 0.034)

Household crowding index r (95% CI)

0.095 (− 0.005, 0.195)

−0.028 (− 0.128, 0.072)

0.051 (− 0.048, 0.150)

−0.03 (− 0.121, 0.062)