Table 2 Logistic regression estimates and odds ratio of different socioeconomic and demographic variables on vitamin A deficiency in Rural and Urban areas of Bangladesh, 2017–18
Characteristic | Vitamin A deficiency in Urban area | Vitamin A deficiency in Rural area | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (β) | SE (β) | Odds ratio of β (95% CI) | Coefficient (β) | SE (β) | Odds ratio of β (95% CI) | |
Division | ||||||
Barisal (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Chittagong | −0.06 | 0.22 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.45) | 0.23 | 0.14 | 1.26 (0.95, 1.66) |
Dhaka | −0.38* | 0.21 | 0.68 (0.45, 1.03) | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.2) |
Khulna | 0.03 | 0.24 | 1.03 (0.64, 1.64) | 0.13 | 0.16 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) |
Mymensing | 0.10 | 0.25 | 1.1 (0.68, 1.8) | 0.32* | 0.15 | 1.38 (1.03, 1.83) |
Rajshahi | −0.35* | 0.24 | 0.7 (0.44, 1.12) | 0.16 | 0.15 | 1.18 (0.87, 1.59) |
Rangpur | 0.03 | 0.24 | 1.03 (0.64, 1.65) | 0.35** | 0.16 | 1.42 (1.05, 1.92) |
Sylhet | −0.20 | 0.23 | 0.82 (0.52, 1.28) | −0.02 | 0.14 | 0.98 (0.74, 1.3) |
Religion | ||||||
Islam (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Others | 0.40** | 0.20 | 1.49 (1, 2.21) | 0.33 | 0.14 | 1.39 (1.05, 1.84) |
Sex of household head | ||||||
Male (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Female | 0.02 | 0.18 | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | 0.02 | 0.11 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) |
Wealth index | ||||||
Poorest (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Poor | 0.02* | 0.24 | 1.02 (0.64, 1.63) | 0.01* | 0.10 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) |
Middle | 0.16* | 0.22 | 1.17 (0.77, 1.8) | 0.04* | 0.11 | 1.04 (0.83, 1.3) |
Richer | −0.20* | 0.19 | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | −0.05 | 0.13 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) |
Richest | 0.06 | 0.21 | 1.06 (0.7, 1.59) | 0.04 | 0.16 | 1.04 (0.76, 1.44) |
Child’s sex | ||||||
Male (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Female | 0.01*** | 0.10 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | −0.11* | 0.07 | 0.9 (0.78, 1.03) |
Age of Child | ||||||
06–12 months (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
13–24 months | 0.84*** | 0.20 | 2.33 (1.56, 3.42) | 1.12*** | 0.12 | 3.02 (1.44, 3.83) |
25–36 months | −0.21** | 0.19 | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.06* | 0.11 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.31) |
37–48 months | −0.26** | 0.17 | 0.77 (0.55, 1.08) | −0.11** | 0.10 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) |
49–59 months | −0.25*** | 0.16 | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) | −0.14** | 0.09 | 0.87 (0.72, 1.04) |
Number of children | ||||||
1 child (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2 child | 0.02 | 0.12 | 1.02 (0.8, 1.3) | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.95 (0.8, 1.12) |
3 or more child | −0.24* | 0.26 | 0.78 (0.47, 1.31) | −0.01* | 0.16 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.35) |
Mother’s age | ||||||
15–20 years (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
21–25 years | −0.06 | 0.16 | 0.94 (0.68, 1.29) | 0.01 | 0.11 | 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) |
26–30 years | 0.08* | 0.17 | 1.05 (0.72, 1.39) | 0.06 | 0.11 | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) |
31–35 years | −0.14* | 0.19 | 0.87 (0.6, 1.25) | 0.19* | 0.13 | 1.21 (0.93, 1.57) |
35 or more years | 0.03 | 0.24 | 1.03 (0.65, 1.63) | 0.19 | 0.18 | 1.2 (0.84, 1.72) |
Mother’s education | ||||||
No education (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Primary | −0.07 | 0.22 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.42) | 0.04 | 0.15 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.38) |
Secondary | 0.16* | 0.22 | 1.17 (0.76, 1.81) | 0.22* | 0.15 | 1.24 (0.92, 1.68) |
Higher | 0.19* | 0.27 | 1.21 (0.72, 2.04) | 0.47** | 0.20 | 1.60 (1.07, 2.38) |
Father’s education | ||||||
No education (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Primary | 0.14 | 0.17 | 1.15 (0.82, 1.62) | 0.03 | 0.11 | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) |
Secondary | 0.17* | 0.19 | 1.19 (0.83, 1.72) | 0.03 | 0.12 | 1.03 (0.82, 1.31) |
Higher | 0.22 | 0.23 | 1.24 (0.79, 1.94) | 0.34** | 0.17 | 1.41 (1.01, 1.96) |
Breastfeeding status | ||||||
No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Yes | −0.19* | 0.16 | 0.83 (0.6, 1.13) | 0.03* | 0.11 | 1.03 (0.84, 1.28) |