Table 2 Percentage of ADL, IADL, and impairments and their adjusted odds ratio for older adults by background characteristics in India

Age (years)

*

*

*

 60–69^@

3.4

47.4

65.6

 70–79

9.6

2.33*(1.90,2.86)

66.5

1.85*(1.66,2.07)

81.0

1.86*(1.63,2.11)

 80+

25.7

6.42*(5.10,8.08)

85.5

5.08*(4.16,6.21)

90.8

3.5*(2.73,4.48)

Sex

*

*

 Men^@

5.8

56.3

70.7

 Women

9.0

1.02(0.83,1.27)

57.2

0.57*(0.51,0.65)

74.2

1.03(0.90,1.18)

Educational status

*

*

*

 None ^@

9.2

69.7

75.4

 Below 5 years

7.6

1.00(0.80,1.27)

51.2

0.57*(0.50,0.65)

77.0

1.06(0.92,1.24)

 6 to 10 years

4.5

0.98(0.74,1.29)

40.5

0.44*(0.38,0.5)

62.0

0.79*(0.68,0.92)

 11+ years

3.9

1.48(0.95,2.31)

26.3

0.21*(0.16,0.26)

72.5

1.18(0.93,1.5)

Marital status

*

*

*

 Not in union^@

10.9

63.0

77.4

 Currently in union

5.3

1.01(0.81,1.24)

52.7

0.81*(0.72,0.91)

69.4

0.86*(0.75,0.98)

Living arrangement

*

*

*

 Alone^@

3.4

36.4

66.5

 With spouse

3.6

1.50(0.87,2.57)

48.2

2.79*(2.17,3.59)

62.8

0.78(0.60,1.02)

 With children

8.4

2.40*(1.51,3.83)

60.0

4.13*(3.30,5.18)

74.4

0.91(0.72,1.16)

 Others

10.1

2.65*(1.57,4.46)

60.4

3.98*(3.04,5.2)

80.5

0.97(0.72,1.30)

Working status

*

*

*

 No^@

10.4

63.3

76.2

 Yes

1.1

0.16*(0.10,0.26)

43.3

0.47*(0.41,0.53)

67.3

0.85*(0.74,0.97)

 Retired

2.6

0.41*(0.26,0.63)

43.4

0.81*(0.67,0.97)

58.9

0.83(0.68,1.01)

Having children

*

*

 Yes^@

7.7

57.0

72.7

 No

3.8

0.83(0.50,1.37)

52.0

1.03(0.80,1.32)

69.8

0.86(0.66,1.12)

Self-rated health

*

*

*

 Good^@

2.6

47.5

59.4

 Poor

11.4

2.95*(2.37,3.67)

64.3

1.74*(1.57,1.92)

83.2

2.36*(2.11,2.63)

Chronic diseases

*

*

*

 No^@

3.1

53.9

54.1

 Yes

9.9

2.7*(2.13,3.43)

58.4

1.15*(1.04,1.27)

82.6

2.95*(2.65,3.3)

Substance use

*

 No^@

7.6

56.2

67.9

 Yes

7.3

0.92(0.76,1.12)

57.8

0.92(0.83,1.03)

81.2

1.65*(1.45,1.87)

Wealth quintile

*

*

 Poorest^@

7.9

67.6

76.5

 Poorer

7.4

0.96(0.73,1.26)

59.2

0.88(0.75,1.03)

70.6

0.9(0.76,1.08)

 Middle

8.2

0.87(0.65,1.17)

55.3

0.85(0.72,1.01)

70.0

0.86(0.71,1.04)

 Richer

6.7

0.67*(0.48,0.92)

51.4

0.74*(0.61,0.89)

69.1

0.98(0.80,1.21)

 Richest

7.1

0.72(0.51,1.03)

45.0

0.72*(0.58,0.88)

77.2

1.20(0.94,1.51)

Religion

*

*

*

 Hindu^@

7.3

57.4

71.6

 Muslim

11.7

1.41*(1.03,1.94)

58.1

1.51*(1.23,1.84)

79.1

0.91(0.72,1.14)

 Sikh

6.1

1.24(0.79,1.93)

61.3

1.06(0.84,1.34)

71.1

0.78*(0.60,1.00)

 Others

6.4

0.85(0.54,1.35)

32.1

0.85(0.66,1.09)

83.8

1.25(0.93,1.69)

Caste

*

*

 Scheduled Caste

8.0

1.08(0.85,1.38)

62.9

1.06(0.93,1.22)

74.2

0.92(0.78,1.07)

 Scheduled Tribe

5.5

0.86(0.53,1.38)

63.4

0.95(0.75,1.2)

74.4

0.8(0.61,1.04)

 Other Backward Class

7.6

1.05(0.83,1.34)

53.4

1.06(0.93,1.21)

65.7

0.83*(0.72,0.96)

 Others^@

7.4

55.7

78.2

Place of residence

*

*

*

 Rural^@

7.7

59.6

74.1

 Urban

6.8

1.00(0.83,1.21)

48.7

0.85*(0.77,0.95)

68.1

1.06(0.94,1.19)

State

*

*

*

 Himachal Pradesh^@

7.8

60.2

67.9

 Punjab

5.8

0.52*(0.35,0.79)

60.6

1.05(0.85,1.31)

73.3

1.02(0.81,1.28)

 West Bengal

11.2

1.19(0.86,1.64)

69.3

1.74*(1.44,2.11)

88.0

2.51*(1.98,3.17)

 Orissa

8.5

1.34(0.96,1.87)

71.1

2.21*(1.83,2.67)

82.9

2.62*(2.11,3.24)

 Maharashtra

3.9

0.49*(0.33,0.71)

49.3

0.77*(0.65,0.93)

72.9

1.14(0.94,1.38)

 Kerala

9.7

0.91(0.64,1.28)

34.5

0.35*(0.29,0.43)

82.2

1.38*(1.1,1.72)

 Tamil Nadu

6.0

1.31(0.91,1.89)

53.3

1.25*(1.02,1.52)

44.0

0.51*(0.42,0.63)

Total

7.5

56.8

72.6