VARIABLES | 2008 | 2013 | 2018 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | |
EAM | ||||||||||||
 Homogamy low (ref) | ||||||||||||
  Homogamy high | 0.75** | (0.61–0.93) | 0.78* | (0.64–0.95) | 0.69*** | (0.56–0.85) | 0.71*** | (0.58–0.87) | 0.81* | (0.67–0.97) | 0.84 | (0.70–1.01) |
  Hypergamy | 1.08 | (0.92–1.26) | 0.97 | (0.82–1.14) | 0.96 | (0.81–1.13) | 0.91 | (0.76–1.09) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.16) | 0.99 | (0.83–1.19) |
  Hypogamy | 0.87 | (0.67–1.12) | 0.80 | (0.62–1.03) | 0.84 | (0.65–1.09) | 0.80 | (0.61–1.05) | 0.89 | (0.69–1.13) | 0.85 | (0.65–1.10) |
Female (ref = male) | 0.79*** | (0.72–0.88) | 0.80*** | (0.72–0.88) | 0.85** | (0.76–0.94) | 0.85** | (0.76–0.94) | 0.85** | (0.77–0.94) | 0.85** | (0.77–0.94) |
Birth order | ||||||||||||
 Firstborn (ref) | ||||||||||||
  2-4th | 0.95 | (0.81–1.12) | 0.95 | (0.81–1.12) | 0.93 | (0.79–1.11) | 0.93 | (0.79–1.10) | 0.87 | (0.74–1.02) | 0.86 | (0.73–1.01) |
  5th+ | 2.19*** | (1.79–2.68) | 2.18*** | (1.78–2.66) | 2.34*** | (1.91–2.87) | 2.33*** | (1.90–2.85) | 2.32*** | (1.90–2.82) | 2.29*** | (1.88–2.79) |
Birth interval | ||||||||||||
 <  24 months (ref) | ||||||||||||
  > 24 months | 0.53*** | (0.47–0.60) | 0.53*** | (0.47–0.60) | 0.57*** | (0.50–0.65) | 0.57*** | (0.50–0.65) | 0.55*** | (0.49–0.61) | 0.55*** | (0.49–0.61) |
Perceived birth weight | ||||||||||||
 Small (ref) | ||||||||||||
  Average | 0.72*** | (0.62–0.83) | 0.71*** | (0.62–0.82) | 0.85* | (0.74–0.99) | 0.85* | (0.74–0.99) | 0.71*** | (0.62–0.80) | 0.71*** | (0.62–0.80) |
  Large | 0.68*** | (0.59–0.79) | 0.68*** | (0.59–0.78) | 0.77*** | (0.67–0.90) | 0.77*** | (0.67–0.90) | 0.71*** | (0.61–0.81) | 0.71*** | (0.62–0.82) |
Multiple births (ref = singleton) | 3.81*** | (3.07–4.73) | 3.81*** | (3.07–4.73) | 3.89*** | (3.16–4.79) | 3.86*** | (3.14–4.76) | 4.01*** | (3.39–4.74) | 3.98*** | (3.36–4.71) |
Place of delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Medical (ref non-medical) | 1.11 | (0.95–1.31) | 1.11 | (0.95–1.30) | 0.93 | (0.79–1.09) | 0.94 | (0.80–1.10) | 1.03 | (0.89–1.18) | 1.03 | (0.90–1.18) |
Mother’s age (in years) | 1.06*** | (1.05–1.07) | 1.06*** | (1.05–1.07) | 1.06*** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.06*** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.07*** | (1.06–1.08) | 1.07*** | (1.06–1.08) |
No. of living children | 0.56*** | (0.53–0.59) | 0.56*** | (0.53–0.59) | 0.59*** | (0.55–0.62) | 0.58*** | (0.55–0.62) | 0.56*** | (0.53–0.59) | 0.56*** | (0.53–0.59) |
Mother is employed (ref = No) | 1.18** | (1.05–1.32) | 1.17** | (1.05–1.31) | 1.11 | (0.98–1.25) | 1.10 | (0.98–1.24) | 1.04 | (0.93–1.16) | 1.03 | (0.93–1.15) |
Source of drinking water | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Improved (ref = unimproved) | 0.95 | (0.83–1.08) | 0.96 | (0.84–1.09) | 0.89 | (0.79–1.00) | 0.88* | (0.79–0.99) | 0.97 | (0.87–1.09) | 0.98 | (0.88–1.09) |
Distance to a medical facility | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not a problem (ref = problem) | 1.03 | (0.92–1.15) | 1.01 | (0.90–1.13) | 1.15* | (1.02–1.29) | 1.14* | (1.01–1.28) | 0.98 | (0.87–1.09) | 0.97 | (0.86–1.08) |
Household wealth index | 0.90* | (0.81–0.99) | 1.07 | (0.93–1.22) | 0.94 | (0.85–1.04) | 1.02 | (0.89–1.16) | 0.89** | (0.82–0.96) | 0.93 | (0.83–1.04) |
Christian (ref = Muslim) | 0.97 | (0.83–1.14) | 1.00 | (0.85–1.17) | 0.85 | (0.71–1.01) | 0.86 | (0.73–1.03) | 1.14 | (0.97–1.35) | 1.17 | (0.99–1.39) |
Geopolitical zone (ref = NC) | ||||||||||||
 Northeast | 1.20* | (1.01–1.44) | 1.23* | (1.03–1.47) | 1.28* | (1.05–1.57) | 1.31** | (1.08–1.60) | 1.15 | (0.97–1.36) | 1.16 | (0.98–1.37) |
 Northwest | 1.15 | (0.96–1.38) | 1.17 | (0.98–1.41) | 1.38** | (1.14–1.68) | 1.42*** | (1.17–1.72) | 1.19* | (1.01–1.41) | 1.20* | (1.02–1.42) |
 Southeast | 1.17 | (0.93–1.47) | 1.16 | (0.93–1.46) | 1.49*** | (1.18–1.88) | 1.50*** | (1.19–1.91) | 0.90 | (0.71–1.14) | 0.92 | (0.72–1.18) |
 Southsouth | 1.11 | (0.89–1.40) | 1.11 | (0.89–1.40) | 0.95 | (0.74–1.22) | 0.95 | (0.75–1.22) | 0.87 | (0.69–1.11) | 0.89 | (0.70–1.14) |
 Southwest | 0.77* | (0.61–0.96) | 0.77* | (0.61–0.97) | 0.86 | (0.67–1.10) | 0.88 | (0.68–1.12) | 0.69** | (0.55–0.86) | 0.71** | (0.57–0.89) |
Rural (ref = urban) | 1.16 | (0.98–1.37) | 1.16 | (0.99–1.36) | 1.17 | (1.00–1.37) | 1.16 | (1.00–1.36) | 1.03 | (0.89–1.19) | 1.03 | (0.90–1.19) |
EAM # Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Homogamy Low # wealth (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) |  |  | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) |  |  | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) |
Homogamy high # wealth index |  |  | 0.70*** | (0.59–0.84) |  |  | 0.80* | (0.67–0.97) |  |  | 0.82** | (0.70–0.95) |
Hypergamy # wealth index |  |  | 0.81* | (0.67–0.99) |  |  | 0.98 | (0.79–1.21) |  |  | 1.17 | (0.95–1.44) |
Hypogamy # wealth index |  |  | 0.78 | (0.59–1.03) |  |  | 0.88 | (0.65–1.21) |  |  | 1.03 | (0.78–1.36) |
Wald test |  |  | Chi (3) =15.98 ** 20,557 |  |  | Chi (3) = 5.81 22,892 |  |  | Chi (3) =15.22 | |||
Observations | 20,557 | 22,892 | 25,827 | 25,827 |