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Table 3 Multilevel analyses of factors associated with anemia, among married women in Ethiopia

From: Decision-making autonomy of women and other factors of anemia among married women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of a countrywide survey

Variables

Model l

Model 2

AOR(95%CI)

Model 3 AOR(95%CI)

Model 4 AOR(95%CI)

Individual -level characteristics(n = 9220)

Women’s autonomy

 Women’s decision-making power at home

   Low

 

1.00

 

1.00

   High

 

0.95 (0.72–1.17)

 

0.97 (0.79–1.21)

 Socio demographic and economic characteristics

  Women’s Age

   15–24

 

1.00

 

1.00

   25–34

 

0.867 (0.74–1.01)

 

0.88 (0.76–1.03)

   35–49

 

0.71 (0.58–0.86)*

 

0.73 (0.60–0.89)*

  Women’s age at first Marriage

    < 16

 

1.00

 

1.00

   16–20

 

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

 

1.05 (0.95–1.17)

    > 20

 

1.15 (0.98–136)

 

1.14 (0.97–1.34)

  Religion

   Orthodox

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Protestant

 

1.44 (1.17–1.77)*

 

1.37 (1.11–1.68)*

   Muslim

 

1.92 (1.60–2.31)*

 

1.62 (1.32–1.97)*

   Others

 

1.12 (0.74–1.69)

 

1.02 (0.67–1.53)

  Women’s education level

   No Education

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Primary

 

0.89 (0.79–1.01)

 

0.89 (0.45–1.28)

   Secondary

 

1.03 (0.84–1.27)

 

1.04 (0.84–1.28)

   Higher

 

0.87 (0.65–1.16)

 

0.87 (0.65.1.16)

  Education level of husband or partner

   No education

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Primary

 

0.95 (0.83–1.06)

 

0.95 (0.85–1.08)

   Secondary

 

1.10 (0.92–1.32)

 

1.10 (0.92–1.32)

   Higher

 

0.99 (0.80–1.24)

 

0.99 (0.79–1.24)

  Women’s employment

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

0.88 (0.79–0.89)*

 

0.88 (0.79–0.98)*

  Currently pregnant

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

1.21 (1.04–1.40)*

 

1.21 (1.04–1.40)*

  Currently breastfeeding

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

1.06 (0.94–1.20)

 

1.06 (0.94–1.20)

  Currently amenorrheic

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

1.01 (0.89–1.14)

 

1.01 (0.88–1.14)

  Number of children ever born

   0

 

1.00

 

1.00

   1–2

 

0.46 (1.21–1.77)*

 

1.45 (1.20–1.75)*

   3–4

 

1.65 (1.33–2.06)*

 

1.63 (1.31–2.03)*

   5+

 

2.01 (1.57–2.53)*

 

1.93 (1.53–2.46)*

  Current use of contraceptive

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

0.64 (0.53–0.78)*

 

0.66 (0.55–0.81)*

  Women ever chewed Chat

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

0.97 (0.82–1.15)

 

0.98 (0.83–1.17)

  Wealth Index

   Poor

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Non-Poor

 

0.82 (0.72–0.94)*

 

0.91 (0.79–1.04)

  History of terminated pregnancy

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

 

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

  Women’s BMI

    < 18.5

 

1.00

 

1.00

   18.5–24.9

 

0.88 (0.79–0.99)*

 

0.89 (0.80–1.08)

    ≥ 25

 

0.70 (0.58–0.85)*

 

0.71 (0.59–0.86)*

Health care access

  Covered by health insurance

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

1.08 (0.82–1.42)

 

1.12 (0.85–1.48)

  Visiting health facility in the last 12

   No

 

1.00

 

1.00

   Yes

 

0.95 (0.6–1.04)

 

0.96 (0.87–1.06)

Community-level characteristics

 Place of residence

  Urban

  

1.00

1.00

  Rural

  

1.47 (0.98–2.19)

1.10 (0.82–1.46)

 % of women with high decision-making autonomy

  Low

  

1.00

1.00

  Medium

  

0.36 (0.25–0.51)*

0.54 (0.40–0.73)*

  High

  

0.26 (0.18–0.38)*

0.50 (0.47–0.69)*

 % women with higher education

  Low

  

1.00

1.00

  Medium

  

0.72 (0.53–0.97)*

0.69 (0.54–1.09)

  High

  

0.93 (0.65–1.32)

0.89 (0.66–1.20)

 % of women with non-poor wealth index

  Low

  

1.00

1.00

  Medium

  

0.70 (0.49–1.01)

0.76 (0.56–1.03)

  High

  

0.66 (0.41–0.85)*

0.78 (0.52–0.97)*

 Measures of variation (random effect)

  ICC

0.46*

0.29*

0.39*

0.27*

  PCV (%)

Ref.

50.7

23.2

56.4

  Model fit statistics

  BIC

14,845.3

13,538.1

14,722.2

13,484.7

  1. AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, BIC Bayesian information criterion, *: Significant at P-value < 0.05. Note: Boldface indicates the statistical significance values