Table 2 Background characteristics of women aged 25-49, India NFHS 2015-16

Nutritional status

Normal (BMI 18.5 – 24.9)

0.565

0.611

0.576

0.56

0.529

0.523

(0.562, 0.567)

(0.607, 0.616)

(0.571, 0.581)

(0.555, 0.566)

(0.523, 0.534)

(0.517, 0.528)

Underweight (BMI <18.5)

0.161

0.204

0.166

0.144

0.14

0.133

(0.160, 0.163)

(0.201, 0.208)

(0.163, 0.170)

(0.141, 0.147)

(0.137, 0.144)

(0.129, 0.136)

Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9)

0.204

0.146

0.197

0.218

0.24

0.249

(0.202, 0.206)

(0.143, 0.150)

(0.192, 0.201)

(0.213, 0.222)

(0.235, 0.245)

(0.244, 0.254)

Obese (BMI ≥30.0)

0.07

0.038

0.061

0.078

0.091

0.095

(0.068, 0.071)

(0.036, 0.040)

(0.059, 0.064)

(0.075, 0.081)

(0.088, 0.095)

(0.092, 0.099)

Wealth index quintile

Quintile 1 (Poorest)

0.176

0.176

0.186

0.179

0.17

0.161

(0.173, 0.178)

(0.173, 0.180)

(0.183, 0.190)

(0.176, 0.183)

(0.166, 0.174)

(0.157, 0.165)

Quintile 2 (Poorer)

0.189

0.188

0.188

0.192

0.189

0.186

(0.186, 0.191)

(0.184, 0.192)

(0.184, 0.192)

(0.188, 0.196)

(0.185, 0.193)

(0.182, 0.190)

Quintile 3 (Middle)

0.202

0.207

0.198

0.201

0.198

0.202

(0.199, 0.204)

(0.203, 0.212)

(0.194, 0.202)

(0.197, 0.205)

(0.193, 0.202)

(0.198, 0.207)

Quintile 4 (Richer)

0.214

0.214

0.215

0.212

0.214

0.212

(0.211, 0.216)

(0.210, 0.219)

(0.210, 0.219)

(0.207, 0.217)

(0.209, 0.219)

(0.207, 0.218)

Quintile 5 (Richest)

0.221

0.214

0.213

0.216

0.229

0.238

(0.217, 0.225)

(0.209, 0.219)

(0.207, 0.219)

(0.210, 0.221)

(0.223, 0.235)

(0.232, 0.244)

Education

No education

0.368

0.228

0.311

0.389

0.46

0.537

(0.365, 0.371)

(0.224, 0.233)

(0.306, 0.315)

(0.384, 0.394)

(0.454, 0.466)

(0.530, 0.543)

Primary

0.145

0.135

0.143

0.154

0.15

0.15

(0.144, 0.147)

(0.132, 0.138)

(0.139, 0.146)

(0.150, 0.158)

(0.146, 0.154)

(0.146, 0.154)

Secondary

0.38

0.462

0.429

0.371

0.322

0.264

(0.377, 0.383)

(0.457, 0.467)

(0.423, 0.434)

(0.365, 0.376)

(0.316, 0.328)

(0.259, 0.270)

Higher

0.106

0.175

0.118

0.087

0.069

0.049

(0.104, 0.109)

(0.170, 0.179)

(0.114, 0.122)

(0.083, 0.090)

(0.065, 0.072)

(0.046, 0.052)

Marital status

Never in union

0.032

0.083

0.023

0.013

0.01

0.008

(0.031, 0.032)

(0.080, 0.086)

(0.022, 0.025)

(0.011, 0.014)

(0.009, 0.011)

(0.007, 0.009)

Married

0.908

0.895

0.941

0.927

0.901

0.868

(0.906, 0.909)

(0.892, 0.898)

(0.938, 0.943)

(0.924, 0.930)

(0.898, 0.904)

(0.864, 0.871)

Widowed, divorced or separated

0.061

0.022

0.036

0.06

0.089

0.124

(0.060, 0.062)

(0.021, 0.023)

(0.034, 0.038)

(0.057, 0.063)

(0.086, 0.092)

(0.120, 0.128)

Religion

Hindu

0.813

0.8

0.814

0.814

0.82

0.824

(0.809, 0.818)

(0.795, 0.806)

(0.809, 0.820)

(0.808, 0.820)

(0.815, 0.826)

(0.818, 0.829)

Muslim

0.127

0.139

0.127

0.128

0.119

0.113

(0.123, 0.131)

(0.134, 0.144)

(0.123, 0.132)

(0.122, 0.133)

(0.114, 0.124)

(0.108, 0.117)

Christian

0.026

0.024

0.024

0.026

0.026

0.03

(0.024, 0.027)

(0.022, 0.026)

(0.022, 0.026)

(0.024, 0.027)

(0.024, 0.028)

(0.028, 0.032)

Sikh

0.018

0.018

0.018

0.017

0.019

0.018

(0.017, 0.019)

(0.017, 0.019)

(0.017, 0.019)

(0.016, 0.019)

(0.018, 0.020)

(0.017, 0.019)

Buddhist

0.01

0.01

0.009

0.009

0.01

0.009

(0.009, 0.011)

(0.009, 0.012)

(0.008, 0.011)

(0.008, 0.011)

(0.008, 0.011)

(0.008, 0.011)

Other

0.007

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.006

0.006

(0.006, 0.008)

(0.007, 0.009)

(0.006, 0.008)

(0.005, 0.007)

(0.005, 0.007)

(0.005, 0.007)

Caste

None

0.275

0.264

0.275

0.276

0.285

0.282

(0.271, 0.280)

(0.259, 0.270)

(0.270, 0.281)

(0.270, 0.282)

(0.279, 0.292)

(0.275, 0.288)

Scheduled caste

0.2

0.207

0.203

0.198

0.193

0.196

(0.196, 0.204)

(0.202, 0.212)

(0.197, 0.209)

(0.193, 0.203)

(0.188, 0.199)

(0.190, 0.201)

Scheduled tribe

0.09

0.095

0.091

0.088

0.086

0.088

(0.088, 0.092)

(0.092, 0.099)

(0.088, 0.094)

(0.085, 0.091)

(0.083, 0.089)

(0.084, 0.091)

Other backward class

0.434

0.433

0.43

0.438

0.435

0.435

(0.430, 0.438)

(0.427, 0.439)

(0.424, 0.436)

(0.432, 0.444)

(0.429, 0.441)

(0.429, 0.442)

Lifetime parity

None

0.076

0.167

0.064

0.042

0.035

0.035

(0.075, 0.077)

(0.163, 0.170)

(0.061, 0.066)

(0.040, 0.044)

(0.033, 0.038)

(0.033, 0.037)

1-2

0.468

0.59

0.515

0.447

0.383

0.334

(0.465, 0.471)

(0.585, 0.595)

(0.510, 0.520)

(0.442, 0.453)

(0.377, 0.389)

(0.328, 0.340)

3-4

0.341

0.224

0.347

0.383

0.399

0.405

(0.339, 0.344)

(0.221, 0.228)

(0.342, 0.352)

(0.378, 0.388)

(0.393, 0.404)

(0.399, 0.411)

5+

0.114

0.019

0.074

0.128

0.183

0.226

(0.113, 0.116)

(0.018, 0.020)

(0.072, 0.076)

(0.125, 0.131)

(0.179, 0.187)

(0.221, 0.231)

Tobacco/alcohol use

0.101

0.06

0.082

0.106

0.13

0.155

(0.099, 0.103)

(0.057, 0.062)

(0.079, 0.084)

(0.103, 0.109)

(0.127, 0.134)

(0.151, 0.159)

Menopause

0.058

0

0.006

0.019

0.079

0.238

(0.056, 0.059)

(0.000, 0.000)

(0.006, 0.007)

(0.017, 0.020)

(0.076, 0.082)

(0.233, 0.244)

Oral contraceptive use

0.035

0.049

0.048

0.036

0.021

0.009

(0.034, 0.036)

(0.046, 0.051)

(0.045, 0.050)

(0.034, 0.038)

(0.020, 0.023)

(0.008, 0.011)

Currently pregnant

0.03

0.081

0.031

0.01

0.002

0.001

(0.029, 0.030)

(0.079, 0.084)

(0.030, 0.033)

(0.009, 0.011)

(0.002, 0.003)

(0.001, 0.001)

Urban

0.354

0.349

0.353

0.357

0.363

0.351

(0.351, 0.358)

(0.343, 0.355)

(0.347, 0.359)

(0.352, 0.363)

(0.357, 0.368)

(0.345, 0.357)

Observations

442,845

112,813

95,073

88,668

75,091

71,200