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Table 2 Absolute (N) and percentage (%) distribution of births and child deaths by the child-specific, mother-specific and household socio-economic covariates across the EAG and non-EAG regions of India

From: Differential in infant, childhood and under-five death clustering among the empowered and non-empowered action group regions in India

Characteristics

Non-EAG Region

EAG Region

Births

Child deaths

Chi-square testfor association

Births

Child deaths

Chi-square testfor association

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Survival status of previous sibling at the time of conception of index child

 Alive

328,133

56.5

2830

0.9

χ2 = 302.62;p-value = 0.001

440,912

61.5

7536

1.7

χ2 = 267.40;p-value = 0.001

 Dead

16,221

2.8

283

1.7

38,810

5.4

812

2.1

 Has no preceding sibling

236,383

40.7

1457

0.6

237,558

33.1

2997

1.3

Birth interval preceding to index child (in months)

 28 and more months

186,283

32.1

1185

0.6

χ2 = 624.04;p-value = 0.001

241,742

33.7

2626

1.1

χ2 = 1856.82;p-value = 0.001

 19–27 months

102,548

17.7

1081

1.1

154,978

21.6

3237

2.1

 Less than 19 months

55,523

9.6

847

1.5

83,002

11.6

2485

3.0

 Has no preceding sibling

236,383

40.7

1457

0.6

237,558

33.1

2997

1.3

Birth order of index child

 1–2

418,270

72.0

2724

0.7

χ2 = 566.05;p-value = 0.001

433,472

60.4

5891

1.4

χ2 = 399.54;p-value = 0.001

 3

90,920

15.7

815

0.9

130,004

18.1

2285

1.8

 4

40,174

6.9

487

1.2

75,429

10.5

1480

2.0

 5 and more

31,373

5.4

544

1.7

78,375

10.9

1689

2.2

Birth cohort of index child

 2010–2016

131,015

22.6

496

0.4

χ2 = 710.11;p-value = 0.001

170,824

23.8

1066

0.6

χ2 = 2404.49;p-value = 0.001

 2005–2009

120,026

20.7

806

0.7

154,081

21.5

2104

1.4

 2000–2004

118,212

20.4

963

0.8

149,892

20.9

2376

1.6

 1995–1999

103,057

17.7

950

0.9

124,871

17.4

2520

2.0

 1990–1994

72,790

12.5

782

1.1

80,846

11.3

2056

2.5

 1970–1989

35,637

6.1

573

1.6

36,766

5.1

1223

3.3

Gender of child

 

 Male

306,208

52.7

2339

0.8

χ2 = 4.42;p-value = 0.036

376,037

52.4

4943

1.3

χ2 = 362.45;p-value = 0.001

 Female

274,529

47.3

2231

0.8

341,243

47.6

6402

1.9

Mother’s age during birth of index child (in years)

 Less than 20

136,083

23.4

1382

1.0

χ2 = 126.62;p-value = 0.001

152,112

21.2

2975

2.0

χ2 = 184.82;p-value = 0.001

 20–24

238,460

41.1

1681

0.7

300,792

41.9

4373

1.5

 25–29

141,359

24.3

985

0.7

177,608

24.8

2599

1.5

 30 and more

64,835

11.2

522

0.8

86,768

12.1

1398

1.6

Mother’s anaemia status

 Not anaemic

297,151

51.2

2242

0.8

χ2 = 13.57;p-value = 0.001

329,252

45.9

4918

1.5

χ2 = 30.34;p-value = 0.001

 Moderately anaemic

208,083

35.8

1660

0.8

291,572

40.6

4820

1.7

 Severely anaemic

75,503

13.0

668

0.9

96,456

13.4

1607

1.7

Mother’s level of education

 No formal schooling

195,540

33.7

2404

1.2

χ2 = 973.05;p-value = 0.001

410,678

57.3

8766

2.1

χ2 = 2079.69;p-value = 0.001

 Upto Primary

98,551

17.0

920

0.9

105,850

14.8

1347

1.3

 Secondary or higher

286,646

49.4

1246

0.4

200,752

28.0

1232

0.6

Caste of the household

 Scheduled Tribes

144,226

24.8

1576

1.1

χ2 = 251.86;p-value = 0.001

101,200

14.1

2220

2.2

χ2 = 624.39;p-value = 0.001

 Scheduled Castes

99,908

17.2

800

0.8

143,735

20.0

2799

1.9

 Other Backward Classes

167,092

28.8

1099

0.7

346,913

48.4

4983

1.4

 Others

169,511

29.2

1095

0.6

125,432

17.5

1343

1.1

Religion of the household

 Hinduism

346,556

59.7

2482

0.7

χ2 = 65.59;p-value = 0.001

609,694

85.0

9716

1.6

χ2 = 9.31;p-value = 0.010

 Islam

97,726

16.8

803

0.8

92,441

12.9

1366

1.5

 Others

136,455

23.5

1285

0.9

15,145

2.1

263

1.7

Place of residence

 

 Urban

172,151

29.6

940

0.5

χ2 = 181.87;p-value = 0.001

156,544

21.8

1717

1.1

χ2 = 302.41;p-value = 0.001

 Rural

408,586

70.4

3630

0.9

560,736

78.2

9628

1.7

Household Wealth Quintile

 Richest

109,350

18.8

413

0.4

χ2 = 879.75;p-value = 0.001

78,223

10.9

435

0.6

χ2 = 1584.14;p-value = 0.001

 Richer

130,452

22.5

695

0.5

93,584

13.0

911

1.0

 Middle

142,840

24.6

1058

0.7

122,217

17.0

1524

1.2

 Poorer

132,307

22.8

1449

1.1

173,126

24.1

2818

1.6

 Poorest

65,788

11.3

955

1.5

250,130

34.9

5657

2.3

 Overall

580,737

100.0

4570

0.8

 

717,280

100.0

11,345

1.6

 
  1. Note - χ2 shows the value of the chi-square test statistic