Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes pre- and post- intervention by intervention group
Outcomea | Comparison | Intervention | B coefficient (95% CI) for interaction between intervention and time | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre (n = 252) mean (SD) | Post (n = 252) mean (SD) | Pre (n = 393) mean (SD) | Post (n = 393) mean (SD) | |||
Primary outcomes | ||||||
Bystander responses | ||||||
Assistant (2–10) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.1) | − 0.04 (− 0.34, 0.26) | 0.8 |
Defender (7–35) | 24.6 (8.1) | 23.6 (8.3) | 26.4 (7.2) | 26.1 (7.4) | 0.41 (−1.12, 1.94) | 0.6 |
Outsider (2–10) | 4.2 (2.0) | 4.3 (1.9) | 4.0 (2.1) | 4.2 (2.0) | 0.09 (− 0.35, 0.53) | 0.69 |
Prosocial norms and self-efficacy | ||||||
Prosocial norms (2–20) | 17.6 (4.4) | 17.1 (4.3) | 18.3 (4.4) | 17.9 (4.4) | 0.3 (−0.53, 1.14) | 0.47 |
Self-efficacy to intervene (4–20) | 15.9 (3.3) | 15.6 (3.5) | 16.5 (2.9) | 16.5 (3.3) | 0.31 (− 0.34, 0.96) | 0.35 |
School inter-ethnic climate | ||||||
Peer inter-ethnic climate (4–20) | 15.8 (2.9) | 15.9 (2.9) | 15.6 (2.8) | 15.8 (2.7) | 0.27 (−0.3, 0.83) | 0.35 |
Teacher inter-ethnic climate (3–15) | 11.5 (2.2) | 11.5 (2.4) | 11.9 (2.2) | 12.4 (2.4) | 0.5 (0.02, 0.98) | 0.04 |
Secondary outcomes | ||||||
Socioemotional adjustment | ||||||
SDQ: total (0–40) | 15.0 (4.3) | 13.1 (5.1) | 15.4 (4.7) | 14.1 (5.2) | 0.34 (− 0.49, 1.17) | 0.42 |
SDQ: prosocial (0–10) | 8.2 (1.7) | 8.1 (1.6) | 8.0 (1.7) | 8.2 (1.7) | 0.3 (0, 0.6) | 0.05 |
School connectedness | ||||||
Teacher empathy (0–8) | 7.2 (1.4) | 7.0 (1.7) | 7.4 (1.2) | 7.2 (1.5) | −0.01 (− 0.3, 0.28) | 0.96 |
Loneliness at school (5–25) | 9.1 (3.7) | 8.4 (3.4) | 9.3 (3.4) | 8.9 (3.4) | 0.29 (− 0.32, 0.9) | 0.36 |
Inter-ethnic contact at school (5–25) | 19.5 (3.5) | 20.2 (3.4) | 19.6 (3.6) | 20.6 (3.5) | 0.29 (− 0.35, 0.93) | 0.37 |
Sleep | ||||||
Sleep duration | 574.9 (64.8) | 577.5 (64.4) | 580.0 (84.1) | 580.6 (62.6) | 11.93 (−5.75, 29.62) | 0.19 |
Sleep latency | ||||||
0–30 min | 110 (55.8%) | 122 (64.6%) | 212 (65.2%) | 211 (68.5%) | 0.23 (−0.46, 0.91) | 0.52 |
30–60 min | 58 (29.4%) | 41 (21.7%) | 71 (21.8%) | 57 (18.5%) | – | – |
> 60 min | 29 (14.7%) | 26 (13.8%) | 42 (12.9%) | 40 (13.0%) | – | – |
Sleep difficulties | ||||||
Mild (a little of the time/none of the time) | 31 (15.5%) | 25 (13.2%) | 67 (20.6%) | 43 (13.8%) | −0.05 (− 0.64, 0.54) | 0.87 |
Moderate (a good bit of the time/some of the time) | 60 (30.0%) | 41 (21.7%) | 82 (25.2%) | 76 (24.4%) | – | – |
Sleep problem (all of the time/most of the time) | 109 (54.5%) | 123 (65.1%) | 177 (54.3%) | 193 (61.9%) | – | – |
Racial discrimination | ||||||
Direct (0–48) | 1.5 (4.1) | 1.2 (3.1) | 1.8 (4.8) | 1.4 (4.0) | −0.05 (−0.89, 0.79) | 0.9 |
Vicarious (0–20) | 4.3 (4.2) | 3.9 (3.6) | 3.6 (4.0) | 3.1 (3.9) | −0.22 (− 0.91, 0.46) | 0.52 |