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Table 1 Definition of health demands, health services structures and health outcomes indicators included in the clustering methods

From: Introducing an efficient sampling method for national surveys with limited sample sizes: application to a national study to determine quality and cost of healthcare

Factor

Variable name

Variable definition

Geographical unit

Data Source

Year

Demand/Disease patterns

Inpatient

Annual average number of inpatient

District

Utilization

2014

Outpatients

Annual average number of outpatient

District

Utilization

2014

Hospitalization rate

Hospitalization rate per 1000 population

Province

Hospital Data

2011

Patient exchange rate

Ratio of sending referrals to receiving referrals (Patient exchange rate)

Province

Hospital Data

2011

SBP

Mean SBP among hypertensive patients

District

STEPs

2016

Glucose

Mean of glucose among patients with DM

District

STEPs

2016

Cholesterol

Mean cholesterol among patients with hyperlipidemia

District

STEPs

2016

Structure

Basic insurance coverage

Basic insurance coverage (% of the population with basic insurance)

District

Utilization

2014

Complementary insurance coverage

Complementary insurance coverage (% of the population with complementary insurance)

District

Utilization

2014

Bed density

Number of beds per 1000 population

Province

Hospital Data

2011

Physician density

Number of physicians per 1000 population

Province

Hospital Data

2011

Outcome

Probability of dying from IHD

Probability of dying from IHD* among adults (age ≥ 30)

Province

DRS

2015

Probability of dying from Stroke

Probability of dying from Stroke among adults (age ≥ 30)

Province

DRS

2015

Probability of dying from COPD

Probability of dying from COPD* among adults (age ≥ 30)

Province

DRS

2015

Probability of dying from Diabetes

Probability of dying from Diabetes mellitus among adults (age ≥ 30)

Province

DRS

2015

Probability of dying from CKD

Probability of dying from CKD* among adults (age ≥ 30)

Province

DRS

2015

Neonatal mortality rate

Neonatal mortality per 1000 live births

Province

DRS

2015

Adverse effect mortality

Mortality rate due to the adverse effect of medical treatment

Province

DRS

2015

All-cause mortality ratio

Expected mortality rate to observed mortality rate

Province

DRS

2015

Mortality rate in hospital

Mortality rate among 1000 hospitalized patients

Province

Hospital Data

2011

  1. SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DM Diabetes Mellitus, IHD Ischemic Heart Disease, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, CKD Chronic Kidney Disease
  2. District is defined as a geographical region with administrative boundaries and an independent network of healthcare provisioning. Province comprises a set of districts and has few managerial authorities in planning and organization of health services. Provincial level is the first level of country subdivisions. Input data consist of data from 31 provinces and 413 districts of Iran
  3. Utilization study measures the use of inpatient and outpatient health services by individuals using a representative sample of population
  4. STEPs is a national survey based on the WHO stepwise approach to study non-communicable disease risk factors
  5. DRS abbreviates Death Registration System
  6. Hospital Data is a research project that studies 0.5% of all inpatient cases in hospitals owned by Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2011 in Iran
  7. The adverse effect of medical treatment refers to unintended consequences of any types of medical interventions including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation