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Table 4 Odds Ratios for In-Hospital Mortality among Non-Hispanic Black (vs. Non-Hispanic White) and Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic) Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

From: Disparities in COVID-19 hospitalizations and mortality among black and Hispanic patients: cross-sectional analysis from the greater Houston metropolitan area

 

Model 1

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 1887)

Model 2

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 1835)

Model 3

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 1835)

Model AICb

908.51

796.86

682.03

Non-Hispanic Black (vs. NHW)

0.96 (0.65, 1.40)

0.72 (0.47, 1.09)

0.65 (0.40, 1.03)

Demographic Factors

 Age, in 5-year units

1.25 (1.16, 1.35)

1.26 (1.16, 1.38)

1.31 (1.20, 1.45)

 Female (vs. Male)

0.82 (0.56, 1.18)

1.13 (0.76, 1.69)

1.00 (0.64, 1.56)

 Residence: Low Income ZIP Codec

1.00 (0.69, 1.44)

0.95 (0.64, 1.40)

0.95 (0.62, 1.47)

 Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

1.11 (1.05, 1.17)

1.09 (1.03, 1.16)

1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

 Obesity

1.14 (0.76, 1.70)

1.18 (0.77, 1.81)

1.04 (0.65, 1.67)

 Hypertension

1.24 (0.68, 2.44)

0.91 (0.48, 1.85)

0.81 (0.39, 1.77)

 Smoking (Current/Former)

1.14 (0.77, 1.67)

1.04 (0.69, 1.57)

1.11 (0.71, 1.74)

Vital Signs

 Respiratory Rate ≥ 24 breath / min

 

1.80 (1.16, 2.75)

1.29 (0.79, 2.08)

 Oxygen Saturation < 94%

 

1.94 (1.21, 3.09)

1.75 (1.03, 2.93)

Laboratory Parameters

 Lymphocytes < 20%

 

3.05 (1.77, 5.57)

2.30 (1.27, 4.41)

 Platelet count < 150,000/μl

 

2.02 (1.26, 3.20)

1.93 (1.14, 3.25)

 Aspartate aminotransferase > 40 U/l

 

2.32 (1.46, 3.72)

2.18 (1.31, 3.66)

 Alanine aminotransferase > 40 U/l

 

1.04 (0.66, 1.66)

0.76 (0.45, 1.28)

 Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl

 

2.99 (1.97, 4.55)

2.20 (1.37, 3.55)

Hospital Complications

 Pneumonia

  

1.04 (0.58, 1.90)

 ARDS

  

5.53 (2.60, 11.91)

 Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

  

3.68 (2.15, 6.45)

 Acute Renal Injury

  

1.88 (1.17, 3.01)

 Acute Hepatic Injury

  

1.23 (0.40, 3.61)

 Cardiomyopathy or CHF

  

1.10 (0.67, 1.77)

Therapeutics

  

0.56 (0.26, 1.12)

 Remdesivir

  

0.56 (0.26, 1.12)

 Dexamethasone

  

0.64 (0.40, 1.00)

ICU Admission

  

3.43 (2.08, 5.72)

 

Model 1

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 3454)

Model 2

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 3369)

Model 3

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 3369)

Model AICb

1468.1

1261.7

1012.8

Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic)

1.12 (0.80, 1.54)

0.95 (0.67, 1.34)

0.89 (0.59, 1.31)

Demographic Factors

 Age, in 5-year units

1.27 (1.20, 1.35)

1.29 (1.21, 1.39)

1.35 (1.25, 1.46)

 Female (vs. Male)

0.78 (0.58, 1.04)

1.09 (0.80, 1.49)

0.93 (0.65, 1.32)

 Residence: Low Income ZIP Codec

0.95 (0.72, 1.28)

0.87 (0.64, 1.18)

0.88 (0.63, 1.25)

 Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

1.11 (1.06, 1.16)

1.09 (1.04, 1.14)

1.02 (0.96, 1.08)

 Obesity

1.30 (0.94, 1.78)

1.34 (0.95, 1.88)

1.08 (0.73, 1.58)

 Hypertension

1.38 (0.88, 2.21)

1.09 (0.68, 1.78)

0.88 (0.52, 1.54)

 Smoking (Current/Former)

1.16 (0.84, 1.60)

1.12 (0.79, 1.58)

1.25 (0.85, 1.84)

Vital Signs

 Respiratory Rate ≥ 24 breath / min

 

1.44 (1.02, 2.01)

1.13 (0.77, 1.66)

 Oxygen Saturation < 94%

 

2.33 (1.64, 3.31)

1.90 (1.27, 2.84)

Laboratory Parameters

 Lymphocytes < 20%

 

3.45 (2.14, 5.86)

2.31 (1.36, 4.08)

 Platelet count < 150,000/μl

 

1.99 (1.37, 2.86)

1.60 (1.03, 2.45)

 Aspartate aminotransferase > 40 U/l

 

2.88 (1.96, 4.27)

2.47 (1.61, 3.82)

 Alanine aminotransferase > 40 U/l

 

1.14 (0.80, 1.64)

0.74 (0.49, 1.13)

 Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl

 

3.04 (2.18, 4.23)

1.98 (1.35, 2.89)

Hospital Complications

 Pneumonia

  

1.00 (0.60, 1.67)

 ARDS

  

7.02 (3.82, 13.12)

 Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

  

3.67 (2.27, 6.07)

 Acute Renal Injury

  

2.04 (1.40, 2.97)

 Acute Hepatic Injury

  

3.31 (1.46, 7.58)

 Cardiomyopathy or CHF

  

1.21 (0.80, 1.80)

Therapeutics

 Remdesivir

  

0.57 (0.34, 0.95)

 Dexamethasone

  

0.73 (0.51, 1.06)

ICU Admission

  

4.55 (2.97, 7.08)

  1. AIC Akaike information criterion, ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, CHF Congestive Heart Failure
  2. a Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for association between individual co-variates and in-hospital mortality among confirmed COVID-19 cases
  3. b Model Akaike information criterion (AIC)
  4. c Low income classified as ZIP codes in the 2 lowest pentiles for median house income