Prevalence of hookah smoking and associated factors among male high school students in Iraq

Table 2 Social and cultural factors associated with hookah users, including Islam’s opinion about hookah use, social acceptance, and other variables

Variable		n	%
First, heard/know about Hookah?
Father & Mother		36	4.3
Brothers, Sister & Cousin		143	16.9
Friends		466	55.0
Media and Newspaper		73	8.6
Saw a Hookah Café shop		120	14.2
Others (internet)		40	4.7
Presence of Cafe for hookah smoking around students’ residence		729	86.1
People surrounding/near students that smoke hookah.
Father &Mother		38	4.5
Brothers &Sisters		69	8.1
Other close relatives		268	31.6
Friends		552	65.2
None		76	9.0
Which of the following types of smoking are more harmful to health?	Tobacco gum	50	5.9
	Cigarette	293	34.6
	e-cigarette	202	23.8
	Hookah	302	35.7
Student’s opinion for Hookah smoking in Islam.	Forbidden	177	20.9
	Discouraged	401	47.3
	Allowed	79	9.3
	Do not know	190	22.4
Is hookah smoking acceptable socially more than Cigarette smoking?	Yes	598	70.6
	No	249	29.4
Is hookah smoking is less harmful and addictive than cigarette smoking?	Yes	314	37.1
	No	533	62.9
Agree on regulations to forbid café places?	Yes	690	81.5
Agree on regulations to forbid café places?	No	157	18.5