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Table 4 Fixed effects linear regression models regressing changes in walking in minutes per week on changes in neighbourhood walkability, and its (un)standardised components, using data from waves 2005/06, 2008/09 and 2011/12

From: Associations of changes in neighbourhood walkability with changes in walking activity in older adults: a fixed effects analysis

 

Crude model a

Adjusted model b

 

Beta (95% CI)

Beta (95% CI)

Neighbourhood walkability c

 Neighbourhood walkability index

−0.93 (− 6.15–4.29)

−0.99 (− 6.17–4.20)

Unstandardised neighbourhood walkability components c

 Population density

−1.64 (− 5.31–2.03)

−1.25 (− 4.99–2.49)

 Retail and service destination density

− 0.57 (− 3.87–2.73)

− 0.64 (− 3.89–2.61)

 Land use mix

38.53 (− 194.92–271.98)

31.05 (− 201.83–263.93)

 Street connectivity

43.18 (− 155.63–241.99)

45.78 (− 151.79–243.35)

 Green space density

4.04 (− 5.52–13.61)

3.54 (− 6.25–13.33)

 Sidewalk density

− 2.71 (− 41.40–35.98)

−5.15 (− 43.05–32.75)

Standardised neighbourhood walkability components c

 Population density

−17.73 (−48.83–13.37)

−14.54 (− 46.16–17.07)

 Retail and service destination density

−2.31 (− 12.65–8.04)

−2.37 (− 12.67–7.93)

 Land use mix

5.59 (− 25.27–36.46)

4.40 (− 26.47–35.28)

 Street connectivity

− 11.75 (− 68.08–44.59)

− 11.74 (− 68.26–44.77)

 Green space density

48.79 (− 106.17–203.75)

40.80 (− 117.44–199.03)

 Sidewalk density

− 8.43 (− 57.26–40.40)

− 12.08 (− 60.38–36.23)

  1. a The crude model is a fixed effects linear regression model adjusting for time only
  2. b The adjusted model is a fixed effects linear regression model adjusting for time, cognitive impairment, mobility disability, and season
  3. c The neighbourhood walkability index (index range: 0–100) and the (un)standardised components were derived from 500-m Euclidean buffer zones around the residential address of participants. The units of measures of the unstandardised components are: (1) population density [number of residents/hectare], (2) retail and service destination density [percentage of area devoted to retail and services], (3) land use mix [entropy index range: 0–1], (4) street connectivity [number of intersections (three or more legs) of roads accessible by pedestrians/hectare], (5) green space density [percentage of area devoted to green space], and (6) sidewalk density [percentage of area devoted to sidewalks]. The standardised components are all z-scores