Skip to main content

Table 2 The results of the generalized estimating equation analysis of factors associated with daily smoking amount

From: The effect of depression status change on daily cigarette smoking amount according to sex: an eleven-year follow up study of the Korea Welfare Panel Study

Variables

Daily cigarette smoking amount (DCA)

Male

Female

ß

S.E

P value

ß

S.E

P value

Change of depression status

 No → No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 No → Yes

0.414

0.338

0.2202

−0.134

0.458

0.7702

 Yes → No

−0.631

0.281

0.0248

− 0.065

0.523

0.9006

 Yes → Yes

−0.005

0.578

0.9933

−0.769

0.727

0.2904

Age at the smoking initiation (years)

 Under than 19

0.477

0.219

0.0290

−0.009

1.047

0.9934

 19 or older

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Age (years)

 19–29

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 30–39

1.728

0.302

<.0001

0.144

1.423

0.9196

 40–49

2.280

0.344

<.0001

1.591

1.312

0.2253

 50–59

2.211

0.396

<.0001

3.164

1.438

0.0278

 60–69

0.880

0.472

0.0620

2.414

1.375

0.0792

  ≥ 70

−1.377

0.513

0.0073

2.207

1.458

0.1301

Region

 Metropolitan

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Rural

0.415

0.249

0.0956

−0.342

0.524

0.5136

Education level

      

 Middle school or under

1.530

0.448

0.0006

0.041

1.833

0.9822

 High school

1.454

0.332

<.0001

0.827

1.652

0.6164

 College or above

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Marriage status

 Living w spouse

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Living w/o spouse

−0.126

0.243

0.6025

0.115

0.514

0.8228

Income level

 Low

−1.156

0.223

<.0001

−1.167

0.599

0.0514

 Lower middle

−0.518

0.194

0.0075

−0.314

0.601

0.6008

 Upper middle

−0.249

0.172

0.1483

−0.418

0.536

0.4348

 High

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Alcohol consumption

 Non-drinkers

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Once a week or less

−0.089

0.197

0.6515

0.371

0.468

0.4286

 2–3 times a week

0.434

0.220

0.0485

1.516

0.568

0.0076

 More than 4 times a week

1.972

0.252

<.0001

2.080

0.676

0.0021

Chronic diseases

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Yes

−0.272

0.142

0.0547

−0.200

0.352

0.5696

Year

 2009

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 2010

−0.243

0.186

0.1915

−0.238

0.495

0.6303

 2011

−0.454

0.196

0.0206

−0.195

0.512

0.7029

 2012

−1.389

0.255

<.0001

−0.399

0.986

0.6854

 2013

−1.552

0.269

<.0001

−0.779

1.080

0.4706

 2014

−1.779

0.278

<.0001

−1.039

1.011

0.3042

 2015

−2.991

0.287

<.0001

−1.696

1.073

0.1137

 2016

−2.908

0.281

<.0001

−1.865

1.097

0.0889

 2017

−2.870

0.288

<.0001

−1.920

1.076

0.0743

 2018

−2.795

0.301

<.0001

−1.252

1.067

0.2405