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Table 3 Logistic Regression estimates for poor self-rated health, low psychological health, and low subjective well-being among older adults (aged 60 years and above), sex-stratified

From: Feeling about living arrangements and associated health outcomes among older adults in India: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Poor self-rated health

Low psychological health

Low subjective well-being

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Feeling about present living arrangement

 Satisfactory

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Non satisfactory

4.45*(3.25,6.09)

3.32*(2.54,4.34)

2.15*(1.61,2.86)

1.99*(1.57,2.53)

3.37*(2.54,4.45)

3.03*(2.36,3.88)

Living arrangement

 Alone

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 With spouse

1.17(0.65,2.09)

1.32(0.90,1.92)

0.47*(0.26,0.86)

0.78(0.50,1.21)

0.71(0.36,1.39)

1.15(0.76,1.74)

 With children

1.40(0.80,2.44)

1.34*(1.01,1.79)

0.57(0.32,1.01)

1.13(0.83,1.52)

0.74(0.39,1.42)

1.08(0.80,1.46)

 Others

1.31(0.70,2.46)

1.42(0.98,2.07)

0.91(0.47,1.75)

1.35(0.90,2.03)

1.12(0.54,2.33)

1.28(0.86,1.9)

Age (in years)

 60–69

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 70–79

1.23*(1.01,1.49)

1.12(0.93,1.36)

0.97(0.76,1.23)

1.24*(1.00,1.53)

0.92(0.73,1.17)

1.31*(1.06,1.60)

 80+

1.22(0.88,1.67)

1.22(0.89,1.67)

1.29(0.92,1.83)

1.62*(1.19,2.2)

1.31(0.94,1.84)

1.78*(1.33,2.38)

Educational status (in years)

 No schooling

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Below 5 years

0.99(0.79,1.24)

0.80(0.63,1.00)

0.73*(0.57,0.95)

0.74*(0.58,0.96)

0.70*(0.55,0.90)

0.63*(0.50,0.79)

 6 to 10 years

0.08(0.63,1.01)

0.51*(0.39,0.65)

0.53*(0.39,0.71)

0.46*(0.32,0.67)

0.45*(0.34,0.60)

0.54*(0.39,0.73)

 11+ years

0.55*(0.38,0.78)

0.45*(0.27,0.74)

0.42*(0.25,0.71)

0.44*(0.20,0.98)

0.43*(0.24,0.75)

0.59(0.31,1.15)

Working status

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

0.86(0.71,1.04)

0.78(0.6,1.02)

0.77*(0.6,0.97)

0.87(0.65,1.17)

0.55*(0.43,0.69)

1.15(0.87,1.52)

Marital status

 Not in union

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Currently in union

0.95(0.74,1.21)

0.94(0.77,1.14)

1.11(0.83,1.47)

1.01(0.8,1.27)

0.98(0.74,1.29)

0.91(0.73,1.14)

Religion

 Hindu

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Muslim

1.17(0.81,1.68)

1.09(0.77,1.54)

1.17(0.76,1.79)

1.25(0.9,1.76)

1.40(0.89,2.19)

1.14(0.82,1.59)

 Sikh

1.16(0.74,1.80)

0.87(0.58,1.29)

1.08(0.53,2.20)

0.90(0.46,1.76)

0.97(0.51,1.83)

1.37(0.81,2.33)

 Others

1.07(0.7,1.66)

1.21(0.8,1.81)

0.85(0.48,1.50)

1.04(0.66,1.62)

1.2(0.65,2.2)

1.53*(1.03,2.26)

Caste

 Scheduled Caste

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Scheduled Tribe

0.89(0.58,1.38)

0.82(0.55,1.21)

1.12(0.72,1.76)

0.8(0.54,1.17)

1.03(0.65,1.62)

0.93(0.63,1.37)

 Other Backward Class

1.05(0.81,1.36)

1.14(0.89,1.48)

0.88(0.65,1.18)

0.71*(0.54,0.93)

0.96(0.71,1.3)

1.15(0.88,1.51)

 Others

0.90(0.71,1.16)

1.15(0.91,1.47)

0.78(0.58,1.05)

0.83(0.64,1.09)

0.76(0.58,1.02)

0.89(0.69,1.15)

Place of residence

 Rural

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Urban

0.98(0.81,1.17)

0.96(0.80,1.14)

0.95(0.75,1.20)

0.92(0.75,1.13)

1.20(0.96,1.51)

1.06(0.88,1.28)

Wealth status

 Poorest

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Poorer

0.97(0.74,1.28)

0.74*(0.57,0.96)

1.15(0.86,1.53)

1.18(0.91,1.53)

0.97(0.74,1.27)

0.71*(0.55,0.92)

 Middle

0.78(0.58,1.06)

0.57*(0.42,0.76)

0.95(0.68,1.33)

0.85(0.63,1.15)

0.64*(0.46,0.88)

0.55*(0.41,0.74)

 Richer

0.71*(0.51,0.99)

0.47*(0.34,0.65)

0.77(0.51,1.15)

0.75(0.53,1.07)

0.38*(0.26,0.55)

0.49*(0.35,0.68)

 Richest

0.70(0.48,1.03)

0.65*(0.45,0.93)

0.52*(0.31,0.87)

0.66*(0.43,1.00)

0.23*(0.13,0.38)

0.40*(0.27,0.58)

State

 Kerala

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Himachal Pradesh

0.54*(0.38,0.78)

0.38*(0.27,0.55)

1.45(0.86,2.44)

1.03(0.67,1.57)

1.28(0.76,2.15)

0.94(0.61,1.45)

 Punjab

1.15(0.75,1.76)

0.92(0.62,1.36)

0.64(0.31,1.32)

0.27*(0.15,0.48)

0.74(0.39,1.41)

0.64(0.39,1.08)

 West Bengal

1.63*(1.13,2.37)

1.26(0.88,1.80)

2.60*(1.62,4.16)

1.29(0.90,1.85)

4.38*(2.83,6.79)

4.00*(2.81,5.68)

 Orissa

0.35*(0.24,0.5)

0.2*(0.14,0.29)

3.72*(2.33,5.93)

2.12*(1.45,3.10)

2.06*(1.33,3.19)

1.49*(1.02,2.19)

 Maharashtra

0.31*(0.23,0.43)

0.25*(0.18,0.34)

2.34*(1.52,3.62)

1.33(0.94,1.88)

2.34*(1.55,3.54)

2.62*(1.88,3.64)

 Tamil Nadu

0.70*(0.49,0.98)

0.48*(0.35,0.66)

7.38*(4.57,11.92)

4.79*(3.32,6.91)

2.55*(1.63,3.99)

2.12*(1.48,3.04)

  1. Poor self-rated health (coded in binary form i.e. 1 “poor or fair” and 0 “Excellent, very good and good”)
  2. Low psychological health: General Health Scale (coded in binary form i.e. 1 “scores 5 or less” and 0 “scores more than 6”)
  3. Low subjective well-being (coded in binary form i.e. 1 “scores of 5 or less” and 0 “scores 6+”)
  4. *if p < 0.05
  5. Ref Reference, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
  6. The analysis is controlled for state level variations