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Table 3 Factors associated with urinary cotinine concentrations (μg/L) among non-smoking adults living in smoking homes and smoke-free homesa

From: Characterization of urinary cotinine concentrations among non-smoking adults in smoking and smoke-free homes in the Korean national environmental health survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017)

 

Smoking home (n = 641)

Smoke-free home (n = 1934)

β

SE

p-value

β

SE

p-value

Sex

 Male

− 0.14

0.13

0.279

0.05

0.07

0.498

 Female

Reference

  

Reference

  

Age (years)

 19–39

−0.17

0.13

0.193

− 0.11

0.07

0.113

 40–59

Reference

  

Reference

  

  ≥ 60

−0.24

0.14

0.093

0.07

0.07

0.341

Type of housing

 Apartment

Reference

  

Reference

  

 Attached housing

−0.23

0.20

0.256

0.09

0.13

0.457

 Detached housing

0.08

0.14

0.561

0.12

0.09

0.187

Household income (USD/month)

  < 1000

−0.03

0.26

0.908

−0.08

0.10

0.396

 1000–1999

0.03

0.22

0.904

0.09

0.11

0.439

 2000–2999

Reference

  

Reference

  

  ≥ 3000

−0.18

0.17

0.297

−0.02

0.09

0.847

Ventilation duration at home (min/day)

  < 30

−0.01

0.16

0.949

0.20

0.08

0.016

 30–59

0.15

0.19

0.434

0.08

0.08

0.274

 60–599

Reference

  

Reference

  

  ≥ 600

0.13

0.17

0.426

0.05

0.10

0.657

Weekly secondhand smoke exposure

 No

Reference

  

Reference

  

 Yes

0.14

0.16

0.375

0.07

0.09

0.446

Time spent at residential indoor (min/day)

  < 780

0.19

0.14

0.174

−0.13

0.08

0.101

 780–1079

Reference

  

Reference

  

  ≥ 1080

−0.08

0.14

0.599

0.20

0.07

0.003

Time spent at outdoor (min/day)

  < 10

0.12

0.13

0.336

−0.02

0.08

0.792

 10–69

Reference

  

Reference

  

  ≥ 70

−0.11

0.14

0.447

−0.19

0.07

0.005

Job classification

 Unemployed

Reference

  

Reference

  

 Non–manual occupation

−0.49

0.16

0.002

0.20

0.08

0.011

 Manual occupation

−0.32

0.17

0.066

0.16

0.08

0.041

 Hospitality venue employeeb

−0.60

0.35

0.087

0.25

0.36

0.490

  1. a R2 values from multivariable linear regression models were 0.12 for smoking homes and 0.16 for smoke-free homes after adjusting for variables listed in the table and ln-transformed creatinine concentrations
  2. b Participants who worked in restaurants, bars, cafes, fast-food franchises, or bakeries where smoke-free regulations have been implemented since 2015