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Table 2 Logistic regression models testing associations between demographic, socioeconomic, residential, and health exposures and the odds of arts engagement

From: Who engages in the arts in the United States? A comparison of several types of engagement using data from The General Social Survey

 

Model 1: Events

n = 8684

Model 2: Activities

n = 4372

Model 3: Groups

n = 4268

Model 4: Interested

non-attendes

n = 2061

 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Age

1.01

0.98–1.03

0.629

1.01

0.98–1.03

0.605

1.01

1.00–1.02

0.007

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.850

Age (quadratic)

1.00

1.00–1.00

0.302

1.00

1.00–1.00

0.129

–

–

–

–

–

–

Female

1.24

1.10–1.39

< 0.001

1.71

1.45–2.00

< 0.001

1.33

1.08–1.63

0.008

1.19

0.90–1.58

0.215

Race/ethnicity

 White

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Black

0.66

0.55–0.78

< 0.001

0.48

0.38–0.61

< 0.001

0.94

0.66–1.33

0.718

0.92

0.61–1.39

0.696

 Other

0.89

0.71–1.11

0.294

0.70

0.51–0.96

0.028

1.11

0.74–1.69

0.606

0.56

0.35–0.89

0.015

Marital status

 Married

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Separated

1.16

1.00–1.34

0.056

0.90

0.75–1.09

0.282

0.91

0.68–1.22

0.531

1.08

0.75–1.57

0.671

 Never married

1.37

1.14–1.63

0.001

1.00

0.78–1.27

0.987

1.58

1.18–2.11

0.002

1.26

0.86–1.86

0.236

Employment status

 Employed

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Unemployed

0.93

0.73–1.19

0.561

1.44

1.06–1.95

0.021

0.79

0.50–1.23

0.286

1.41

0.85–2.34

0.179

 Retired

1.15

0.93–1.43

0.200

1.10

0.83–1.45

0.523

1.26

0.85–1.85

0.249

0.89

0.57–1.39

0.605

 Keeping house

0.82

0.67–1.01

0.057

1.13

0.87–1.46

0.350

1.38

0.95–2.00

0.089

0.95

0.62–1.47

0.831

 Other

1.07

0.82–1.39

0.633

1.35

0.96–1.89

0.085

1.11

0.71–1.72

0.651

0.78

0.48–1.28

0.324

Family income

 $0–$9999

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 $10,000–$19,999

1.27

1.07–1.51

0.007

0.84

0.65–1.07

0.162

1.15

0.77–1.74

0.492

1.13

0.76–1.68

0.536

 $20,000–$29,999

1.58

1.29–1.95

< 0.001

0.96

0.72–1.27

0.756

1.54

0.97–2.45

0.067

1.11

0.66–1.87

0.698

 $30,000–$49,999

1.80

1.46–2.22

< 0.001

0.87

0.65–1.17

0.358

1.42

0.91–2.23

0.122

1.14

0.73–1.78

0.557

 $50,000+

2.78

2.17–3.57

< 0.001

0.81

0.58–1.13

0.211

1.42

0.89–2.26

0.137

1.03

0.49–2.15

0.940

Financial situation

 Not satisfied at all

1

  

1

  

–

–

–

1

  

 More or less satisfied

0.92

0.80–1.06

0.267

1.00

0.83–1.21

0.962

–

–

–

0.70

0.52–0.96

0.028

 Pretty well satisfied

1.03

0.87–1.21

0.772

1.00

0.81–1.24

0.978

–

–

–

0.79

0.53–1.17

0.234

Social class

 Lower class

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Working class

1.20

0.94–1.53

0.145

1.20

0.86–1.69

0.285

1.21

0.64–2.30

0.558

1.02

0.65–1.62

0.916

 Middle class

1.52

1.16–1.97

0.002

1.03

0.73–1.46

0.870

1.35

0.71–2.57

0.359

0.69

0.43–1.12

0.132

 Upper class

1.52

0.99–2.35

0.058

0.92

0.56–1.50

0.743

1.67

0.77–3.62

0.195

0.29

0.08–1.09

0.066

Years of education

1.19

1.16–1.22

< 0.001

1.08

1.05–1.12

< 0.001

1.15

1.10–1.20

< 0.001

1.11

1.05–1.17

< 0.001

Parental years of education

1.05

1.04–1.07

< 0.001

1.05

1.02–1.07

< 0.001

1.04

1.01–1.08

0.019

1.03

0.99–1.08

0.147

General health rating

 Excellent

1

  

1

  

–

–

–

1

  

 Good

0.88

0.75–1.03

0.121

0.95

0.79–1.14

0.577

–

–

–

1.02

0.67–1.55

0.917

 Fair

0.70

0.58–0.85

< 0.001

0.92

0.71–1.18

0.492

–

–

–

1.30

0.84–2.02

0.243

 Poor

0.48

0.34–0.67

< 0.001

0.91

0.63–1.33

0.634

–

–

–

1.38

0.74–2.56

0.309

Level of urbanicity

 Med-large city

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Suburb

0.92

0.79–1.08

0.311

1.18

0.98–1.42

0.075

1.06

0.82–1.38

0.666

1.12

0.77–1.63

0.558

 Unincorporated area

0.79

0.64–0.96

0.020

0.96

0.75–1.24

0.771

1.22

0.89–1.67

0.225

1.15

0.77–1.73

0.495

 Small city or town

0.69

0.58–0.83

< 0.001

1.08

0.84–1.41

0.538

1.20

0.88–1.64

0.255

1.19

0.77–1.85

0.436

 Smaller areas

0.57

0.47–0.69

< 0.001

0.98

0.75–1.28

0.874

0.96

0.63–1.45

0.836

0.63

0.39–1.02

0.061

Household size

0.95

0.90–0.99

0.030

1.02

0.95–1.09

0.572

0.99

0.91–1.08

0.811

0.96

0.87–1.05

0.350

Feels afraid in neighborhood

1.06

0.91–1.24

0.463

0.97

0.80–1.17

0.714

–

–

–

1.11

0.79–1.56

0.536

Survey year

 1

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 2

2.02

1.69–2.40

< 0.001

0.89

0.74–1.06

0.194

0.73

0.52–1.03

0.074

1.04

0.79–1.38

0.757

 3

2.27

1.88–2.73

< 0.001

1.05

0.88–1.26

0.568

0.77

0.60–0.99

0.045

–

–

–

 4

1.25

1.06–1.48

0.008

–

–

–

0.68

0.54–0.87

0.002

–

–

–

 5

1.05

0.87–1.26

0.624

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  1. Note. Survey year refers to different years for each arts outcome: for events 1 = 1993, 2 = 1998, 3 = 2002, 4 = 2012, 5 = 2016; for activities 1 = 1993, 2 = 1998, 3 = 2002; for groups 1 = 1993, 2 = 1994, 3 = 2004, 4 = 2010; and for interested non-attendees 1 = 2012, 2 = 2016. These numbers have been added for ease of presentation; years were used in analyses. For odds ratios, 1 indicates the reference category