Table 1 Codebook used for qualitative analysis
From: Qualitative analysis of visual risk communication on twitter during the Covid-19 pandemic
Top-level | Detail | Example |
|---|---|---|
Source (Identified inductively) | Health or governmental organisation | The WHO, or Victoria Government |
Private sector | Pharma Company | |
Media | CNN, ABC News | |
Individual person | Citizen, politician, academic, or artist | |
Other | University | |
Graphic Type (Saunders, 1994) | Symbols | A pictographic or logo |
Graphs | Used to show quantitative relationships | |
Diagrams | Parts, a process, a general scheme, and/or the flow of results | |
Illustrations or rendered pictures | Drawn pictures, realistic or abstract, including background illustrations | |
Photographs | Still (i.e. photograph) or moving (such as gif or video) | |
Models | Such as 3d renderings or computer models | |
Composite graphics | Multiple images | |
Other Visual Attributes | Colour | Anything with more than white and black |
Animated | Video, Gif or animation | |
Link | Link / URL | A URL is in the tweet text or in the visual |
Content Focus (Identified inductively) | Raises criticism | Government or political criticism, or criticism of someone’s behaviour |
Provides entertainment | Shows something funny, or emotive | |
Thankful / gratitude | Thanks doctors for saving patients | |
Covid-19 Focus (Identified inductively) | Detection | Relates measures to detection of cases or how it impacts the body |
Treatment | Mentions people recovering | |
Impact | Discusses impacts to behaviour, the economy, or society | |
Other | How it spreads | |
Type of Action (WHO guidelines) | Social distance | Keeping distance with people and avoiding crowded places |
Wear a mask | Protecting yourself and other by wearing a mask | |
Stay home | Working, studying or remaining at home if feeling unwell / quarantine | |
Wash hands | Regularly and thoroughly washing hands with soap and water | |
Cover mouth & nose when sneezing | Or using a tissue and disposing it immediately | |
Avoid touching mouth and eyes | Particularly with unwashed hands | |
Get medical help w. symptoms | (but call - don’t go in) | |
Other | Cooking meat or eggs / basic hygiene / know the symptoms / get tested | |
Framing (Tversky & Kahneman, 1992) | Health gain | We need to protect ourselves and others to protect / save society |
Health loss | We need to follow measures to avoid sickness, suffering and death | |
Non-applicable | We just need to do this |