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Table 2 Relationship between the change in frailty status and sociodemographic factors, health related practice, and disease history

From: Frailty status changes are associated with healthcare utilization and subsequent mortality in the elderly population

  

Change of frailty status#

 

Total subjects

Deterioration

Unchanged pre-frail or frail

Unchanged robustness

Improvement

 

Variable at baseline

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

χ2 test

p-value

Gender

     

0.004

 Women

235 (42.9)

25 (34.3)

43 (32.3)

109 (48.9)

58 (48.7)

 

 Men

313 (57.1)

48 (65.8)

90 (67.7)

114 (51.1)

61 (51.3)

 

Age

      

  ≤ 70 years

208 (38)

25 (34.3)

31 (23.3)

110 (49.3)

42 (35.3)

 

 71–75 years

140 (25.5)

13 (17.8)

27 (20.3)

68 (30.5)

32 (26.9)

 

  > 75 years

200 (36.5)

35 (48.0)

75 (56.4)

45 (20.2)

45 (37.8)

 

Marital status

     

0.874

 Married

403 (73.5)

52 (71.2)

101 (75.9)

162 (72.7)

88 (73.9)

 

 Othersa

145 (26.5)

21 (28.8)

32 (24.1)

61 (27.4)

31 (26.1)

 

Education

     

0.012

 Illiterate

50 (9.1)

9 (12.3)

10 (7.5)

15 (6.7)

16 (13.4)

 

  ≤ 6 years

135 (24.6)

17 (23.3)

45 (33.8)

40 (17.9)

33 (27.7)

 

 7–12 years

200 (36.5)

22 (30.1)

47 (35.3)

92 (41.3)

39 (32.8)

 

  ≥ 13 years

163 (29.7)

25 (34.3)

31 (23.3)

76 (34.1)

31 (26.1)

 

Regular exercise

     

< 0.001

 No

121 (22.2)

13 (18.1)

59 (44.4)

14 (6.3)

35 (29.7)

 

 Yes

424 (77.8)

59 (81.9)

74 (55.6)

208 (93.7)

83 (70.3)

 

Smoking

     

0.001

 No

430 (78.6)

59 (80.8)

89 (67.4)

189 (84.8)

93 (67.4)

 

 Yes

41 (7.5)

9 (12.3)

11 (8.3)

13 (5.8)

8 (8.3)

 

 Former

76 (13.9)

5 (6.9)

32 (24.2)

21 (9.4)

18 (24.2)

 

Drinking

     

0.011

 No

419 (76.6)

56 (76.7)

99 (75.0)

169 (75.8)

95 (79.8)

 

 Yes

86 (15.7)

14 (19.2)

14 (10.6)

43 (19.3)

15 (12.6)

 

 Former

42 (7.7)

3 (4.1)

19 (14.4)

11 (4.9)

9 (7.6)

 

Cognitive impairment

     

0.100

 No

520 (94.9)

70 (95.9)

124 (93.2)

217 (97.3)

109 (91.6)

 

 Yes

28 (5.1)

3 (4.11)

9 (6.8)

6 (2.7)

10 (8.4)

 

Disease history

      

Heart disease

     

0.679

 No

388 (72.4)

52 (71.2)

90 (70.3)

164 (75.2)

82 (70.1)

 

 Yes

148 (27.6)

21 (28.8)

38 (29.7)

54 (24.8)

35 (29.9)

 

Hypertension

     

0.037

 No

263 (48.4)

32 (43.8)

54 (41.9)

124 (55.9)

53 (44.5)

 

 Yes

280 (51.6)

41 (56.2)

75 (58.1)

98 (44.1)

66 (55.5)

 

Diabetes

     

< 0.001

 No

442 (81.5)

58 (79.5)

94 (70.7)

196 (89.5)

94 (80.3)

 

 Yes

100 (18.5)

15 (20.6)

39 (29.3)

23 (10.5)

23 (19.7)

 

Hyperlipidemia

     

0.757

 No

400 (74.8)

55 (77.5)

99 (76.2)

157 (72.4)

89 (76.1)

 

 Yes

135 (25.2)

16 (22.5)

31 (23.8)

60 (27.7)

28 (23.9)

 

Frail at baseline*

     

< 0.001

 Frail

37 (6.8)

0 (0.0)

15 (11.3)

0 (0.0)

22 (18.5)

 

 Pre-frail

232 (42.3)

17 (23.3)

118 (88.7)

0 (0.0)

97 (81.5)

 

 Robust

279 (50.9)

56 (76.7)

0 (0.0)

223 (100)

0 (0.0)

 
  1. The numbers in bold indicate statistically significant p-values
  2. * Fried et al. proposed the definition of frailty status with the following components: shrinking, weakness, poor endurance and energy, slowness, and low physical activity level
  3. #Changes in frailty status during 1-year period with the following categories: improvement of frailty status, no change between baseline and follow-up, and deterioration for frailty status
  4. aOthers include widowed, divorced, separated, and single
  5. The missing number for each variable is 3 in regular exercise, 1 in smoking habit, 1 in drinking habits, 12 in heart disease, 5 in hypertension, 6 in diabetes, and 13 in hyperlipidemia
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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