Factors | Total n (%) | LDL-cholesterol | OR | 95%CI | p-value | AOR | 95%CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abnormal n (%) | Normal n (%) | ||||||||
Total | 2552 (100) | 1778 (69.7) | 774 (30.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 870 (34.1) | 613 (70.5) | 257 (29.5) | 1.06 | 0.89–1.27 | 0.553 | |||
Female | 1682 (65.9) | 1165 (69.3) | 517 (30.7) | 1.00 | |||||
Age (years) | |||||||||
30–39 | 368 (14.4) | 260 (70.7) | 108 (29.3) | 1.00 | |||||
40–49 | 619 (24.3) | 423 (68.3) | 196 (31.7) | 0.45 | 0.68–1.19 | 0.446 | |||
50–59 | 649 (25.4) | 455 (70.1) | 194 (29.9) | 0.86 | 0.74–1.29 | 0.855 | |||
60–69 | 578 (22.6) | 402 (69.6) | 176 (30.4) | 0.72 | 0.71–1.26 | 0.718 | |||
70–79 | 271 (10.6) | 188 (69.4) | 83 (30.6) | 0.73 | 0.67–1.33 | 0.727 | |||
≥ 80 | 67 (2.6) | 50 (74.6) | 17 (25.4) | 0.51 | 0.67–2.21 | 0.509 | |||
Tribe | |||||||||
Akha | 714 (28.0) | 514 (72.0) | 200 (28.0) | 1.00 | |||||
Lahu | 391 (15.3) | 257 (65.7) | 134 (34.3) | 0.75 | 0.57–0.97 | 0.031* | |||
Hmong | 389 (15.2) | 281 (72.2) | 108 (27.8) | 1.01 | 0.77–1.33 | 0.930 | |||
Yao | 368 (14.4) | 247 (67.1) | 121 (32.9) | 0.79 | 0.61–1.04 | 0.097 | |||
Karen | 408 (16.0) | 289 (70.8) | 119 (29.2) | 0.95 | 0.72–1.24 | 0.680 | |||
Lisu | 282 (11.1) | 190 (67.4) | 92 (32.6) | 0.80 | 0.60–1.08 | 0.150 | |||
Religion | |||||||||
Buddhist | 1383 (54.2) | 966 (69.8) | 417 (30.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Christ and Muslim | 1169 (45.8) | 812 (69.5) | 357 (30.5) | 0.98 | 0.83–1.16 | 0.832 | |||
Education | |||||||||
No education | 1957 (76.7) | 1355 (69.2) | 602 (30.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Primary school | 365 (14.3) | 255 (69.9) | 110 (30.1) | 1.03 | 0.81–1.31 | 0.812 | |||
Secondary school or higher | 230 (9.0) | 168 (73.0) | 62 (27.0) | 1.20 | 0.88–1.64 | 0.236 | |||
Occupation | |||||||||
Unemployed | 628 (24.6) | 441 (70.2) | 187 (29.8) | 1.24 | 0.98–1.57 | 0.067 | 1.26 | 0.98.1.61 | 0.070 |
Agriculturist | 1243 (48.7) | 891 (71.7) | 352 (28.3) | 1.33 | 1.09–1.63 | 0.005* | 1.34 | 1.09–1.64 | 0.006* |
Trader and other | 681 (26.7) | 446 (65.5) | 235 (34.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Annual income (baht) | |||||||||
≤ 50,000 | 1816 (71.2) | 1271 (70.0) | 545 (30.0) | 1.00 | |||||
50,001-100,000 | 527 (20.7) | 358 (67.9) | 169 (32.1) | 0.91 | 0.74–1.12 | 0.366 | |||
≥ 100,001 | 209 (8.2) | 149 (71.3) | 60 (28.7) | 1.07 | 0.78–1.46 | 0.697 | |||
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | 138 (5.4) | 103 (74.6) | 35 (25.4) | 1.00 | |||||
Married | 2039 (79.9) | 1415 (69.4) | 624 (30.6) | 0.77 | 0.52–1.14 | 0.196 | |||
Ever married | 375 (14.7) | 260 (69.3) | 115 (30.7) | 0.77 | 0.49–1.19 | 0.242 | |||
Smoking | |||||||||
No | 1932 (75.7) | 1350 (69.9) | 582 (30.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 620 (24.3) | 428 (69.0) | 192 (31.0) | 0.96 | 0.79–1.17 | 0.691 | |||
Alcohol use | |||||||||
No | 1955 (76.6) | 1364 (69.8) | 591 (30.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 597 (23.4) | 414 (69.3) | 183 (30.7) | 0.98 | 0.80–1.20 | 0.844 | |||
Exercise | |||||||||
No | 1551 (60.8) | 1078 (69.5) | 473 (30.5) | 1.12 | 0.86–1.47 | 0.407 | |||
Sometimes | 719 (28.2) | 511 (71.1) | 208 (28.9) | 1.21 | 0.90–1.63 | 0.209 | |||
Regularly | 282 (11.1) | 189 (67.0) | 93 (33.0) | 1.00 | |||||
Amount of salt use for cooking | |||||||||
Low | 244 (9.6) | 160 (65.6) | 84 (34.4) | 1.00 | |||||
Moderate | 1115 (43.7) | 788 (70.7) | 327 (29.3) | 1.27 | 0.94–1.70 | 0.117 | |||
High | 1193 (46.7) | 830 (69.6) | 363 (30.4) | 1.20 | 0.90–1.61 | 0.219 | |||
Amount of monosodium glutamate use for cooking | |||||||||
Low | 248 (9.7) | 159 (64.1) | 89 (35.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Moderate | 1006 (39.4) | 712 (70.8) | 294 (29.2) | 1.36 | 1.01–1.82 | 0.042* | |||
High | 1298 (50.9) | 907 (69.9) | 391 (30.1) | 1.30 | 0.98–1.73 | 0.073 | |||
Amount of lard used for cooking | |||||||||
Low | 476 (18.7) | 304 (63.9) | 172 (36.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Moderate | 1214 (47.6) | 872 (71.8) | 342 (28.2) | 1.44 | 1.15–1.81 | 0.001* | 1.45 | 1.15–1.82 | 0.001* |
High | 862 (33.8) | 602 (69.8) | 260 (30.2) | 1.31 | 1.03–1.66 | 0.025* | 1.32 | 1.04–1.68 | 0.025* |
Stress (ST-5) | |||||||||
Low | 2076 (81.3) | 1441 (69.4) | 635 (30.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Moderate | 399 (15.6) | 280 (70.2) | 119 (29.8) | 1.04 | 0.82–1.31 | 0.762 | |||
High | 77 (3.0) | 57 (74.0) | 20 (26.0) | 1.26 | 0.75–2.11 | 0.388 | |||
Depression | |||||||||
No | 2245 (88.0) | 1564 (69.7) | 681 (30.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 307 (12.0) | 214 (69.7) | 93 (30.3) | 1.00 | 0.77–1.30 | 0.988 | |||
BMI | |||||||||
Normal weight | 196 (7.7) | 131 (66.8) | 65 (33.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Underweight | 807 (31.6) | 555 (68.8) | 252 (31.2) | 0.52 | 0.38–0.72 | < 0.001* | |||
Overweight | 1549 (60.7) | 1092 (70.5) | 457 (29.5) | 1.18 | 0.86–1.61 | 0.292 | |||
Waistline | |||||||||
Normal | 1290 (50.5) | 900 (69.8) | 390 (30.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Obese | 1262 (49.5) | 878 (69.6) | 384 (30.4) | 0.99 | 0.83–1.17 | 0.915 | |||
HbA1c (mg/dl) | |||||||||
Normal (< 6.5) | 2349 (92.0) | 1652 (70.3) | 697 (29.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Abnormal (≥6.5) | 203 (8.0) | 126 (62.1) | 77 (37.9) | 0.69 | 0.51–0.93 | 0.014* | 0.69 | 0.51–0.92 | 0.013* |