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Table 1 Factors associated with LDL-cholesterol in univariable and multivariable analyses

From: Factors associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among hill tribe people aged 30 years and over in Thailand: a cross-sectional study

Factors

Total

n (%)

LDL-cholesterol

OR

95%CI

p-value

AOR

95%CI

p-value

Abnormal

n (%)

Normal

n (%)

Total

2552 (100)

1778 (69.7)

774 (30.3)

N/A

N/A

N/A

   

Sex

 Male

870 (34.1)

613 (70.5)

257 (29.5)

1.06

0.89–1.27

0.553

   

 Female

1682 (65.9)

1165 (69.3)

517 (30.7)

1.00

     

Age (years)

 30–39

368 (14.4)

260 (70.7)

108 (29.3)

1.00

     

 40–49

619 (24.3)

423 (68.3)

196 (31.7)

0.45

0.68–1.19

0.446

   

 50–59

649 (25.4)

455 (70.1)

194 (29.9)

0.86

0.74–1.29

0.855

   

 60–69

578 (22.6)

402 (69.6)

176 (30.4)

0.72

0.71–1.26

0.718

   

 70–79

271 (10.6)

188 (69.4)

83 (30.6)

0.73

0.67–1.33

0.727

   

  ≥ 80

67 (2.6)

50 (74.6)

17 (25.4)

0.51

0.67–2.21

0.509

   

Tribe

 Akha

714 (28.0)

514 (72.0)

200 (28.0)

1.00

     

 Lahu

391 (15.3)

257 (65.7)

134 (34.3)

0.75

0.57–0.97

0.031*

   

 Hmong

389 (15.2)

281 (72.2)

108 (27.8)

1.01

0.77–1.33

0.930

   

 Yao

368 (14.4)

247 (67.1)

121 (32.9)

0.79

0.61–1.04

0.097

   

 Karen

408 (16.0)

289 (70.8)

119 (29.2)

0.95

0.72–1.24

0.680

   

 Lisu

282 (11.1)

190 (67.4)

92 (32.6)

0.80

0.60–1.08

0.150

   

Religion

 Buddhist

1383 (54.2)

966 (69.8)

417 (30.2)

1.00

     

 Christ and Muslim

1169 (45.8)

812 (69.5)

357 (30.5)

0.98

0.83–1.16

0.832

   

Education

 No education

1957 (76.7)

1355 (69.2)

602 (30.8)

1.00

     

 Primary school

365 (14.3)

255 (69.9)

110 (30.1)

1.03

0.81–1.31

0.812

   

 Secondary school or higher

230 (9.0)

168 (73.0)

62 (27.0)

1.20

0.88–1.64

0.236

   

Occupation

 Unemployed

628 (24.6)

441 (70.2)

187 (29.8)

1.24

0.98–1.57

0.067

1.26

0.98.1.61

0.070

 Agriculturist

1243 (48.7)

891 (71.7)

352 (28.3)

1.33

1.09–1.63

0.005*

1.34

1.09–1.64

0.006*

 Trader and other

681 (26.7)

446 (65.5)

235 (34.5)

1.00

  

1.00

  

Annual income (baht)

  ≤ 50,000

1816 (71.2)

1271 (70.0)

545 (30.0)

1.00

     

 50,001-100,000

527 (20.7)

358 (67.9)

169 (32.1)

0.91

0.74–1.12

0.366

   

  ≥ 100,001

209 (8.2)

149 (71.3)

60 (28.7)

1.07

0.78–1.46

0.697

   

Marital status

 Single

138 (5.4)

103 (74.6)

35 (25.4)

1.00

     

 Married

2039 (79.9)

1415 (69.4)

624 (30.6)

0.77

0.52–1.14

0.196

   

 Ever married

375 (14.7)

260 (69.3)

115 (30.7)

0.77

0.49–1.19

0.242

   

Smoking

 No

1932 (75.7)

1350 (69.9)

582 (30.1)

1.00

     

 Yes

620 (24.3)

428 (69.0)

192 (31.0)

0.96

0.79–1.17

0.691

   

Alcohol use

 No

1955 (76.6)

1364 (69.8)

591 (30.2)

1.00

     

 Yes

597 (23.4)

414 (69.3)

183 (30.7)

0.98

0.80–1.20

0.844

   

Exercise

 No

1551 (60.8)

1078 (69.5)

473 (30.5)

1.12

0.86–1.47

0.407

   

 Sometimes

719 (28.2)

511 (71.1)

208 (28.9)

1.21

0.90–1.63

0.209

   

 Regularly

282 (11.1)

189 (67.0)

93 (33.0)

1.00

     

Amount of salt use for cooking

 Low

244 (9.6)

160 (65.6)

84 (34.4)

1.00

     

 Moderate

1115 (43.7)

788 (70.7)

327 (29.3)

1.27

0.94–1.70

0.117

   

 High

1193 (46.7)

830 (69.6)

363 (30.4)

1.20

0.90–1.61

0.219

   

Amount of monosodium glutamate use for cooking

 Low

248 (9.7)

159 (64.1)

89 (35.9)

1.00

     

 Moderate

1006 (39.4)

712 (70.8)

294 (29.2)

1.36

1.01–1.82

0.042*

   

 High

1298 (50.9)

907 (69.9)

391 (30.1)

1.30

0.98–1.73

0.073

   

Amount of lard used for cooking

 Low

476 (18.7)

304 (63.9)

172 (36.1)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Moderate

1214 (47.6)

872 (71.8)

342 (28.2)

1.44

1.15–1.81

0.001*

1.45

1.15–1.82

0.001*

 High

862 (33.8)

602 (69.8)

260 (30.2)

1.31

1.03–1.66

0.025*

1.32

1.04–1.68

0.025*

Stress (ST-5)

 Low

2076 (81.3)

1441 (69.4)

635 (30.6)

1.00

     

 Moderate

399 (15.6)

280 (70.2)

119 (29.8)

1.04

0.82–1.31

0.762

   

 High

77 (3.0)

57 (74.0)

20 (26.0)

1.26

0.75–2.11

0.388

   

Depression

 No

2245 (88.0)

1564 (69.7)

681 (30.3)

1.00

     

 Yes

307 (12.0)

214 (69.7)

93 (30.3)

1.00

0.77–1.30

0.988

   

BMI

 Normal weight

196 (7.7)

131 (66.8)

65 (33.2)

1.00

     

 Underweight

807 (31.6)

555 (68.8)

252 (31.2)

0.52

0.38–0.72

< 0.001*

   

 Overweight

1549 (60.7)

1092 (70.5)

457 (29.5)

1.18

0.86–1.61

0.292

   

Waistline

 Normal

1290 (50.5)

900 (69.8)

390 (30.2)

1.00

     

 Obese

1262 (49.5)

878 (69.6)

384 (30.4)

0.99

0.83–1.17

0.915

   

HbA1c (mg/dl)

 Normal (< 6.5)

2349 (92.0)

1652 (70.3)

697 (29.7)

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Abnormal (≥6.5)

203 (8.0)

126 (62.1)

77 (37.9)

0.69

0.51–0.93

0.014*

0.69

0.51–0.92

0.013*

  1. * Binary logistic regression was used to detect the associations at significance level α = 0.05