Table 2 Distribution (%) of socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics in men and women by absence of diastolic left ventricular dysfunction (DLVD), presence of DLVD without symptoms (ADLVD), and presence of DLVD with symptoms (SDLVD)

Age (m, sd) †‡

72 (4)

74 (5)

76 (5)

72 (5)

74 (5)

75 (5)

Education level

<= Primary School

26.3*

25.4*

33.5

36.8*

41.9*

44.5

Junior High School

24*

20.6*

17.2

23.3*

21.6*

22.2

> = High School

49.7*

54.0*

47.3

39.8*

36.5*

33.3

Smoking habit †

Never

32.3*

31.8*

17.2*

66.1*

67.1*

66.7*

Ever

67.7*

68.2*

82.8*

33.9*

32.9*

33.3*

Alcohol consumption

No

26.5*

26.0*

31.2*

56.5*

55.5*

56.8*

Yes

73.5*

74.0*

68.8*

43.5*

44.5*

43.2*

Physical activity

No

49.9*

54.6

61.3

60.9*

62.1

74.1

Occasionally

25.6*

21.0

21.5

21.1*

20.3

13.6

Daily

24.5*

24.4

17.2

18.0*

17.6

12.3

BMI ‡

> = 30

13.6*

15.9*

17.2

15.3*

18.6*

27.2

25–29.9

51.0*

50.5*

54.8

33.4*

33.9*

50.6

< 25

35.4*

33.6*

28.0

51.3*

47.5*

22.2

Dyslipidemia

No

61.5*

64.1*

69.9*

45.5*

50.8*

48.2*

Yes

38.5*

35.9*

30.1*

54.5*

49.2*

51.8*

Diabetes †

No

85.1

75.9*

77.4

89.0

83.4*

84.0

Yes

14.9

24.1*

22.6

11.0

16.6*

16.0

Hypertension †‡

No

45.9

39.0

30.1

44.4

39.9

24.7

Yes

54.1

61.0

69.9

55.6

60.1

75.3

Family history of CVD

No

81.5*

85.1*

78.5

76.0*

75.7*

66.7

Yes

18.5*

14.9*

21.5

24.0*

24.3*

33.3

Ischemic heart disease^a †

No

86.6*

83.8*

59.1*

92.9*

93.0*

87.7*

Yes

13.4*

16.2*

40.9*

7.1*

7.0*

12.3*

Atrial fibrillation †

No

94.0

93.0

81.7

93.8

94.0

88.9

Yes

6.0

7.0

18.3

6.2

6.0

11.1

Other cardiovascular disease^b

No

94.7

94.6

89.3

94.3

94.0

91.4

Yes

5.3

5.4

10.7

5.7

6.0

8.6

Other conditions^c †

No

52.6*

55.2

41.9*

42.3*

46.2

34.6*

1–2

42.3*

38.1

40.9*

45.8*

44.5

60.5*

3+

5.1*

6.7

17.2*

11.9*

9.3

4.9*

Use of diuretics †‡

No

81.3

76.5

64.5

76.9

73.8

50.6

Yes

18.7

23.5

35.5

23.1

26.3

49.4

Use of ARBs ‡

No

78.2

75.9

75.3

78.0

74.8

61.7

Yes

21.8

24.1

24.7

22.0

25.3

38.3

Use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors †

No

74.8*

70.8

55.9

80.6*

77.1

75.3

Yes

25.2

29.2

44.1

19.5

22.9

24.7

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

No

98.4

98.7

94.6

99.1

99.3

96.3

Yes

1.6

1.3

5.4

0.9

0.7

3.7

Beta blockers †‡

No

85.1

81.9

68.8

83.3

83.7

71.6

Yes

14.9

18.1

31.2

16.7

16.3

28.4

Statins

No

77.5

78.4

67.7

72.1

76.1

72.8

Yes

22.5

21.6

32.3

27.9

23.9

27.2

Antiarrhythmic drugs †

No

96.9

96.8

89.3

96.1

96.7

95.1

Yes

3.1

3.2

10.8

3.9

3.3

4.9

Antiaggregant drugs †

No

72.2

67.3

57.0

76.4

74.4

67.9

Yes

27.8

32.7

43.0

23.6

25.6

32.1

Calcium channel blockers

No

81.1

77.8*

74.2

84.9

84.1*

75.3

Yes

18.9

22.2*

25.8

15.1

16.0*

24.7

1.04 (0.23)*

1.08 (0.29)*

1.14 (0.33)*

0.84 (0.24)*

0.86 (0.21)*

0.91 (0.26)*

67.1 (5.8)*

64.1 (8.1)*

56.9 (12.1)*

68.2 (5.5)*

67.1 (6.2)*

64.0 (8.7)*

0.85 (0.18)

0.74 (0.25)

0.86 (0.25)

0.86 (0.18)

0.72 (0.21)

0.76 (0.37)

6.7 (2.2)*

8.8 (2.8)*

9.3 (3.2)*

7.4 (2.4)*

9.6 (3.3)*

11 (5.6)*

63 (33–125)*

88 (42–182)

291 (92–756)*

99 (51–177)*

96 (53–167)

132 (78–276)*