Table 1 Distribution (%) of socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics in the study population and in subjects suffering from heart failure (HF) and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction (DLVD) by gender

Age (m, sd)

73 (5)

76 (5)

74 (5)

73 (5)

75 (5)

74 (5)

Education level

<= Primary School

27.0*

37.9

27.7*

39.4*

43.1

42.4*

Junior High School

22.1*

21.2

19.9*

22.6*

25.5

21.7*

> = High School

50.9*

40.9

52.4*

38.0*

31.4

35.9*

Smoking habit

Never

30.5*

15.1*

28.4*

66.5*

56.9*

67.0*

Ever

69.5*

84.9*

71.6*

33.5*

43.1*

33.0*

Alcohol consumption

No

26.8*

36.4

27.2*

56.2*

47.1

55.8*

Yes

73.2*

63.6

72.8*

43.8*

52.9

44.2*

Physical activity

No

52.9*

57.6

56.1*

62.7*

76.5

64.7*

Occasionally

23.4*

24.2

21.1*

20.0*

11.8

18.8*

Daily

23.7*

18.2

22.8*

17.3*

11.8

16.5*

BMI

> = 30

14.8*

18.2

16.2*

17.7*

31.4

20.4*

25–29.9

51.2*

54.6

51.5*

35.3*

41.2

37.4*

<  25

34.0*

27.3

32.3*

47.0*

27.5

42.2*

Dyslipidemia

No

63.4*

72.7*

65.4*

47.7*

45.1*

50.3*

Yes

36.6*

27.3*

34.6*

52.3*

54.9*

49.7*

Diabetes

No

80.9*

74.2

76.2*

86.4*

86.3

83.5*

Yes

19.1*

25.8

23.8*

13.6*

13.7

16.5*

Hypertension

No

41.7

25.8

37.0

40.8

17.7

36.7

Yes

58.3

74.2

63.0

59.2

82.4

63.4

Family history of CVD

No

82.5*

75.8

83.6*

75.0*

64.7

73.8*

Yes

17.5*

24.2

16.4*

25.0*

35.3

26.2*

Ischemic heart disease^a

No

82.6*

54.5*

78.2*

92.4*

86.3*

91.9*

Yes

17.4*

45.5*

21.8*

7.6*

13.7*

8.1*

Atrial fibrillation

No

92.3

81.8

90.4

93.4

84.3

92.9

Yes

7.7

18.2

9.6

6.6

15.7

7.1

Other cardiovascular disease^b

No

94.0

89.4

93.4

93.9

94.1

93.5

Yes

6.0

10.6

6.6

6.1

5.9

6.5

Other conditions^c

No

52.4*

40.9

52.2*

43.0*

35.3

43.7*

1–2

40.6*

45.5

38.7*

46.7*

56.9

47.9*

3+

7.0*

13.6

9.1*

10.3*

7.8

8.4*

Use of diuretics

No

77.7*

53.0

73.8

73.1*

39.2

68.9

Yes

22.3*

47.0

26.2

26.9*

60.8

31.1

Use of ARBs

No

77.0

74.2*

75.7

75.2

56.9*

72.0

Yes

23.0

25.8*

24.3

24.8

43.1*

28.0

Use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

No

71.3*

53.0

67.4*

78.7*

70.6

76.7*

Yes

28.7*

47.0

32.6*

21.3*

29.4

23.3*

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

No

98.1

92.4

97.8

98.9

94.1

98.7

Yes

1.9

7.6

2.2

1.1

5.9

1.3

Beta blockers

No

82.2

68.2

78.9

82.3

68.6

81.2

Yes

17.8

31.8

21.1

17.7

31.4

18.8

Statins

No

76.8

66.7

76.0

73.6

66.7

75.4

Yes

23.2

33.3

24.00

26.4

33.3

24.6

Antiarrhythmic drugs

No

96.0

90.9

95.1

96.2

92.2

96.3

Yes

4.0

9.1

4.9

3.8

7.8

3.7

Antiaggregant drugs

No

68.7*

56.1

64.9*

74.9*

56.9

73.0*

Yes

31.3*

43.9

35.1*

25.2*

43.1

27.0*

Calcium channel blockers

No

79.1*

75.8

77.0

83.6*

66.7

82.2

Yes

20.9*

24.2

23.0

16.4*

33.3

17.8

1.06 (0.27)*

1.11 (0.30)*

1.09 (0.30)*

0.85 (0.24)*

0.90 (0.30)*

0.87 (0.23)*

65.0 (8.1)*

53.0 (12.6)*

62.5 (9.6)*

67.4 (6.3)*

62.7 (11.8)*

66.4 (6.9)*

0.81 (0.27)

0.84 (0.53)

0.77 (0.34)

0.80 (0.23)

0.79 (0.43)

0.73 (0.25)

7.7 (2.8)*

9.5 (3.1)*

8.9 (2.9)*

8.6 (3.4)*

11.2 (4.4)*

9.9 (3.9)*

78 (40–174)*

389 (119–1117)*

107 (49–249)*

102 (53–180)*

129 (76–399)*

105 (56–185)*