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Table 5 QoL influencing factors among female older adults

From: Gender differences in quality of life among community-dwelling older adults in low- and middle-income countries: results from the Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)

 

Total

China

India

Russia

South Africa

Ghana

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

Country (Ref: China)

 India

0.56 (0.44)

     

 Russia

−1.24 (0.31)

     

 South Africa

− 2.95 (0.38)

     

 Ghana

−5.44 (0.39)

     

Age group (Ref: 50–59)

 60–69

0.88 (0.19)

1.09 (0.30)

0.30 (0.41)

0.83 (0.56)

2.05 (0.51)†

−0.22 (0.62)

 70–79

1.60 (0.23)

2.67 (0.37)

0.28 (0.57)

1.75 (0.63)†

2.32 (0.62)†

−0.52 (0.68)

 80 and above

2.22 (0.37)

3.88 (0.64)

−0.36 (0.94)

3.33 (0.90)†

5.29 (0.94)†

−1.60 (0.95)

Education (Ref: Less than primary)

 Primary only

−0.19 (0.26)

0.29 (0.36)

−0.80 (0.60)

0.89 (1.27)

−0.46 (0.63)

0.10 (0.83)

 Secondary only

−0.03 (0.28)

−0.30 (0.38)

− 0.21 (0.87)

2.08 (1.16)

0.85 (0.71)

0.50 (1.69)

 High school only

0.07 (0.32)

0.21 (0.45)

−0.04 (1.01)

1.04 (1.16)

1.05 (1.08)

0.11 (0.84)

 College and above

0.98 (0.44)*

1.33 (0.78)

0.99 (1.38)

1.77 (1.25)

1.46 (1.31)

−0.46 (1.76)

Health insurance

0.65 (0.25)*

0.40 (0.37)

−1.73 (0.97)

2.32 (3.30)

0.53 (0.62)

1.80 (0.50)

Income

5.17 (0.22)

5.21 (0.35)

4.68 (0.50)

4.13 (0.64)

5.44 (0.60)

5.96 (0.70)

Living environment

0.58 (0.11)

0.84 (0.21)

0.41 (0.21)*

0.76 (0.47)

1.22 (0.29)

−0.28 (0.34)

Cognitive function

0.83 (0.11)

0.51 (0.15)

0.73 (0.28)*

0.97 (0.27)

1.15 (0.25)

1.23 (0.34)

Physical function

−0.34 (0.01)

−0.40 (0.01)

− 0.31 (0.01)

−0.35 (0.02)

− 0.30 (0.01)

−0.36 (0.02)

Arthritis

−2.34 (0.19)

−2.34 (0.28)

−2.56 (0.46)

−3.38 (0.43)

−1.79 (0.50)

−0.42 (0.63)

Hypertension

−0.04 (0.17)

0.62 (0.25)*

−0.07 (0.38)

−1.43 (0.43)

0.44 (0.48)

−0.83 (0.47)

Diabetes

−2.46 (0.31)

−3.57 (0.49)

−1.95 (0.72)

−1.84 (0.68)

− 1.69 (0.70)*

−1.03 (1.13)

Married

1.50 (0.20)

1.92 (0.38)

1.62 (0.40)

1.89 (0.53)

1.44 (0.48)

0.02 (0.54)

Family support

0.20 (0.18)

0.31 (0.28)

0.26 (0.39)

−0.53 (0.51)

1.45 (0.63)*

−0.22 (0.48)

Community support

−0.32 (0.42)

−2.17 (0.89)*

−1.01 (0.63)

2.72 (1.25)*

3.17 (1.66)

0.09 (1.19)

Social cohesion index

0.25 (0.02)

0.28 (0.04)

0.30 (0.04)

0.38 (0.06)

0.07 (0.04)

0.26 (0.04)

Living arrangements

1.66 (0.27)

1.90 (0.45)

−1.10 (1.10)

2.04 (0.57)

0.72 (0.72)

2.18 (0.79)

  1. Note. * < 0.05;  < 0.01