Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
Country (Ref: China) | ||||
India | −3.42 (0.18)† | −6.69 (0.33)† | 0.62 (0.31)* | −0.03 (0.31) |
Russia | −3.36 (0.22)† | −5.34 (0.24)† | − 0.97 (0.22)† | −1.15 (0.22)† |
South Africa | −3.71 (0.23)† | −6.63 (0.29)† | −2.55 (0.26)† | −3.70 (0.28)† |
Ghana | −6.66 (0.21)† | −7.64 (0.27)† | −3.44 (0.25)† | −5.40 (0.28)† |
Age group (Ref: 50–59) | ||||
60–69 | −1.93 (0.16)† | − 1.32 (0.16)† | 0.42 (0.14)† | 0.55 (0.14)† |
70–79 | −4.06 (0.18)† | −3.02 (0.18)† | 1.00 (0.16)† | 1.28 (0.17)† |
80 and above | −7.49 (0.29)† | −5.96 (0.28)† | 1.56 (0.26)† | 2.14 (0.27)† |
Female | −2.34 (0.14)† | −1.80 (0.13)† | −0.44 (0.12)† | − 0.03 (0.13) |
Education (Ref: Less than primary) | ||||
Primary only | 0.43 (0.20)* | −0.21 (0.18) | −0.21 (0.17) | |
Secondary only | 1.08 (0.21)† | −0.09 (0.19) | − 0.07 (0.19) | |
High school only | 2.27 (0.23)† | −0.05 (0.21) | −0.08 (0.21) | |
College and above | 4.22 (0.31)† | 0.87 (0.28)† | 0.68 (0.28)* | |
Health insurance | 0.75 (0.21)† | 0.57 (0.19)† | 0.47 (0.19)* | |
Income | 6.41 (0.18)† | 5.16 (0.16)† | 5.06 (0.16)† | |
Living environment | 0.57 (0.09)† | 0.56 (0.08)† | 0.64 (0.08)† | |
Cognitive function | 1.02 (0.08)† | 0.89 (0.08)† | ||
Physical function | −0.36 (0.00)† | −0.35 (0.00)† | ||
Arthritis | −2.32 (0.15)† | − 2.39 (0.14)† | ||
Hypertension | 0.02 (0.12) | −0.01 (0.12) | ||
Diabetes | −2.35 (0.23)† | −2.31 (0.23)† | ||
Married | 1.05 (0.16)† | |||
Family support | 0.09 (0.13) | |||
Community support | −0.52 (0.31) | |||
Social cohesion index | 0.23 (0.01)† | |||
Living arrangements | 1.23 (0.21)† |