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Table 2 Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for factors associated with childhood stunting, Rwanda DHS 2000–2015

From: Trends in burden and risk factors associated with childhood stunting in Rwanda from 2000 to 2015: policy and program implications

Parameters

Year 2000

Year 2005

Year 2010

Year 2015

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

Sex

 Girl

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Boy

1.35*

(1.01–1.86)

1.03

(0.77–1.38)

1.53***

(1.25–1.86)

1.51***

(1.30–1.76)

Child age

 6–11

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 12–23

5.34***

(3.46–8.24)

4.16***

(2.60–6.66)

4.48***

(3.21–6.25)

3.48***

(2.56–4.71)

 24–35

6.42***

(3.92–10.5)

3.65***

(2.29–5.82)

4.73***

(3.43–6.53)

3.53***

(2.63–4.76)

 36–47

5.86***

(3.29–10.4)

3.84***

(2.33–6.33)

5.68***

(4.02–8.01)

3.15***

(2.27–4.37)

 48–59

6.80***

(3.58–12.9)

2.75***

(1.65–4.61)

3.77***

(2.63–5.39)

2.35***

(1.71–3.23)

Birth weight

 ≥2.5 kg

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 < 2.5 kg (low)

2.57***

(1.31–5.05)

1.59

(0.74–3.40)

2.29***

(1.42–3.70)

1.77***

(1.23–2.56)

Maternal education

 No education

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Primary

0.61**

(0.40–0.94)

1.00

(0.68–1.47)

0.89

(0.68–1.14)

0.84

(0.68–1.05)

 Secondary or Higher

0.35***

(0.20–0.60)

0.78

(0.47–1.31)

0.42**

(0.26–0.66)

0.48***

(0.34–0.69)

Maternal smoking history

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

0.93

(0.41–2.14)

4.93**

(1.33–18.3)

4.98**

(1.59–15.60)

1.67

(1.00–2.79)

Place of residence

 Urban

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Rural

1.53

(0.980–2.39)

1.44*

(1.01–2.06)

1.34

(0.94–1.91)

1.17

(0.86–1.60)

Wealth quintile

 Highest

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

   

 Fourth

0.86

(0.52–1.42)

1.93**

(1.25–2.99)

1.56**

(1.10–2.22)

1.23

(0.85–1.77)

 Middle

1.27

(0.65–2.46)

1.74*

(1.07–2.82)

1.61**

(1.12–2.32)

1.74***

(1.22–2.49)

 Second

1.38

(0.72–2.63)

2.07**

(1.26–3.40)

2.39***

(1.66–3.44)

2.35***

(1.64–3.35)

 Lowest

1.13

(0.61–2.09)

1.73

(0.98–3.10)

2.68***

(1.86–3.87)

2.71***

(1.90–3.87)

  1. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Variables in models included sex, child age, birthweight, maternal education, mother’s smoking history, place of residence, and wealth quintile. Low birth weight for children was defined as less than 2.5 kg.