Table 1 Characteristics of the 47 included studies
From: Quality of life and mortality in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors and Year | Setting - Country | Study Name and Design | Sample Size | Follow-up in years | Participants (Age in Range or Mean (SD), Female %) | QoL Measure | Type of Death | Comparison | Risk estimate (95% CI) | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bjorkman et al. 2019 [37] | Finland | Porvoo Sarcopenia and Nutrition Trial, Prospective | 428 | 4 yrs | 75 yrs. and + 66.59% | RAND-36 PF | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 0.988 (0.979–0.997) | age, sex, comorbidity and CRi-SMI |
Brown et al. 2015 [38]a | USA | Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (Cohort 6–8), Prospective | 191,001 | 2.5 yrs | 65 yrs. and + 58.30% | CDC HRQOL-4 | all-cause | HR, Excellent vs. Poor HR, 0 days vs. 21–30 days | GH: 0.24 (0.21–0.27) Days of not good in Physical Health 0.82 (0.77–0.88) Days of not good in Mental Health 1.12 (1.04–1.22) Days of activity limitation 0.74 (0.68–0.79) | age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, range of other health and lifestyle factors |
Cavrini et al. 2012 [39] | Italy | Pianoro Study, Prospective | 5256 | 2 yrs | 65 yrs. and + 55.3% | EQ-5D | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | 0.42 (0.35–0.50) | sex, age, BMI, education, health and lifestyle factors |
Chwastiak et al. 2010 [40] | USA | 1999 Large Health Survey of Veteran Enrollees, Prospective | 559,985 | 9 yrs | 64.1 (12.9) yrs4.1% | SF-36 PCS | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PCS: 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | age, race, sex, education, disability, comorbidity, BMI, lifestyle factors |
De Buyser et al. 2016 [41]a | Belgium | Prospective cohort | 171 | 15 yrs | 71 yrs. and + 0% | SF-36 PFI | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | age, polypharmacy, depression, and disability |
De Buyser et al. 2013 [42]a | Belgium | Prospective cohort | 352 | 15 yrs | 71 to 86 yrs0% | SF-36 PFI | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 0.992 (0.986–0.999) | age, BMI and smoking |
DeSalvo et al. 2005 [43] | USA | VAAC Quality Improvement Project, Prospective | 21,732 | 1 yr | 64 (12) yrs3.6% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | AUC | PCS: 0.73 (0.71–0.75) MCS: 0.68 (0.66–0.70) | age |
Dominick et al. 2002 [44]a | USA | Pennsylvania’s Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly, Prospective | 84,065 | 1 yr | 78.7 (6.9) yrs. 78.0% | Core CDC HRQOL items | all-cause | RR, Excellent vs. Poor RR, 0 days vs. 21–30 days | GH: 0.24 (0.17–0.33) Days of not good in Physical Health 0.42 (0.38–0.45) Days of not good in Mental Health 0.53 (0.50–0.59) Days of activity limitation 0.40 (0.37–0.42) | age, sex, race, marital and residential status, income and comorbidity |
Dorr et al. 2006 [45]a | USA | Intermountain Health Care Network, Prospective | 2166 | 2.3 yrs | 77.9 (6.8) yrs54.9% | SF-12 PCS and MCS | all-cause | OR, Quartile 4 (Highest) vs. Quartile 1 (Lowest) | PCS: 0.16 MCS: 0.40 | age, sex, and comorbidity |
Drageset et al. 2013 [46] | Norway | Study of Nursing Home Residents without cognitive impairment (2004–2005), Prospective | 227 | 5 yrs | 65 to 95 yrs. and + 72.25% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | age, sex, marital status, education and comorbidity |
Fan et al. 2004 [24]a | USA | VAAC Quality Improvement Project, Prospective | 7702 | 1 yr | 65.4 (10.6) yrs. 3.4% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | OR, 1-unit increase | PCS: 0.956 (0.943–0.969) MCS: 0.981 (0.971–0.990) | age, site, distance to the VA, and comorbidity |
Fan et al. 2006 [47] | USA | VAAC Quality Improvement Project, Prospective | 14,192 | 3 yrs | 64.4 (11.3) yrs. 3.5% | SF-36 PCS and MCs | all-cause | AUC | PCS: 0.721 (0.708–0.733) MCS: 0.689 (0.675–0.702) | age and sex |
Feeny et al. 2012 [48] | Canada | 1994/95 Canadian National Population Health Longitudinal Survey, Prospective | 12,375 | 12 yrs | 18–80 yrs. + 52% | HUI3 | all-cause | HR, 1-level increase | Hearing: 0.18 (0.06–0.57) Ambulation: 0.10 (0.04–0.23) Pain: 0.53 (0.29–0.96) | age, sex, socioeconomic, disease condition, and lifestyle factors |
Forsyth et al. 2018 [27]a | Australia | RCT of a case Management Intervention for Adult transitioning from prison to the community, Prospective | 1320 | 4.7 yrs | 32.7 (11.1) yrs. 21.10% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, High vs. Low | PCS: 0.48 (0.18–1.20) MCS: 0.38 (0.16–0.91) a(CI is 99%CI) | age, sex and indigenous status |
Franks et al. 2003 [49]a | USA | Household Survey component of the National Medical Expenditure, Prospective | 21,363 | 5 yrs | 21 yrs. + 55.39% | SF-20 | all-cause | HR, 1-point increase | HP: 0.993 (0.990–0.996) PF: 0.995 (0.992–0.997) RF: 0.996 (0.994–0.998) MH: 1.00 (0.996–1.003) | age, sex, race, ethnicity, education and income |
Gomez-Olive et al. 2014 [25]a | South Africa | Population under the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Prospective | 4047 | 3 yrs | 50 yrs. + 75.8% | WHO QOL | all-cause | HR, Highest vs. Lowest | Overall: 0.61 | age, sex, education and union status, HH assets, and Disability Assessment |
Han et al. 2009 [50] | South Korea | Korea Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging, Prospective | 944 | 3.25 yrs. (median) | 76.0 (8.6) yrs. 54.9% | SF-36 PCS and MCS (K.V) | all-cause | HR, Tertile 3 (High) vs. Tertile 1 (Low) | PCS: 0.35 (0.19–0.64) MCS: 0.39 (0.22–0.70) | age, sex, smoking, range of serum measures |
Haring et al. 2011 [51]a | Germany | Population-based Study of Health in Pomerania, Prospective | 4261 | 9.7 yrs. (mean) | 20–79 yrs. 50.93% | SF-12 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, Highest Quartile vs. Lowest Quartile | PCS: 0.56 (0.42–0.75)## PCS: 0.63 (0.47–0.84)# MCS: 0.94 (0.73–1.22)## MCS: 1.04 (0.81–1.35)# | age, sex, ## behavioural factors, # comorbidities |
Higueras-Fresnillo et al. 2018 [52]a | Spain | UAM Cohort, Prospective | 3922 | 14 yrs. (median) | 71.82 (7.94) yrs. 56.38% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, Good vs. Poor | Physical: 0.74 (0.65–0.85) Mental: 0.85 (0.74–0.98) Social: 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | age, sex, education, lifestyle factors, BMI, waist circumference, comorbidity |
Jia et al. 2018 [53]a | USA | Medicare Health Outcomes Survey Cohort 15, Prospective | 105,473 | 2 yrs | 65 yrs. + 58.30% | SF-6D and dEQ-5D | all-cause | HR, 1st Quintile vs. 5th Quintile | SF-6D: 0.77 (0.71–0.80) dEQ-5D: 0.45 (0.43–0.49) | age, sex, socioeconomic, marital status, smoking, BMI, chronic conditions |
Kao et al. 2005 [54] | Taiwan | Prospective Cohort | 689 | 2 yrs | 65 yrs. + 0% | WHOQOL-(BREF) | all-cause | RR, 1-point change | Overall: 0.99 (0.77–1.26) | unadjusted RR |
Kaplan et al. 2007 [55] | Canada | 1994/95 Canadian National Population Health Longitudinal Survey, Prospective | 12,375 | 8 yrs | 18–80 yrs. + 52% | HUI3 | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) | age, sex, socioeconomics, other social/health, lifestyle factors |
Kroenke et al. 2008 [56] | USA | Nurses’ Health Study, Prospective | 40,337 | 2.8 to 12 yrs | 46–71 yrs. 100% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | RR###, Severe Decline vs. No Change RR####, Improve vs. No Change | Change in PCS 3.32### (2.45–4.50) 0.72#### (0.56–0.91) Change in MCS 1.86### (1.17–2.97) 0.77#### (0.63–0.95) | age, baseline HRQoL, menopausal status, social integration, BMI, educational, husbands’ education, lifestyle factors, PCS/MCS |
Lawler et al. 2013 [57] | USA | Oklahoma Longitudinal Assessment of Health Outcomes of Mature Adults Studies, Prospective | 852 | 5 yrs | 65 yrs. + 56.81% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 0.98 (0.97–0.98) Bodily Pain: 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | age, sex, socioeconomic, BMI, morbidity, functional status, having a confidant |
Lee et al. 2012 [58]a | Taiwan | Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey, Prospective | 1435 | 7.9 yrs | 65–97 yrs. 48.50% | SF-36 PCS (T.V 1.0) | all-cause | HR, Highest PF vs. Lowest PF | PF: 0.29 (0.19–0.45) | age |
Leigh et al. 2015 [59] | Australia | Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, Prospective | 10,721 | 15 yrs | 70–75 yrs. 100% | SF-36 Vitality, Mental and PF | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 0.992 (0.990–0.994) Mental:1.0 (0.997–1.002) Vitality: 1.0 (0.998–1.002) | age, socioeconomic, BMI, sleep, disease count, and other health factors |
Liira et al. 2018 [29] | Finland | a. The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS) b. Spousal caregivers of people with dementia c. Nursing home residents d. Older persons suffering from loneliness e. Population Sample | a = 733 b = 209 c = 326 d = 208 e = 901 | 2 yrs | a. 77 (4) yrs. 0% b. 75 (7) yrs. 64.6% c. 84 (7) yrs. 69.9% d. 80 (4) yrs. 75% e. 85 (5) yrs. 75.1% | The 15D | all-cause | HR, 1SD (0.14) increase | a. 0.43 (0.31–0.63) b. 1.06 (0.43–2.63) c. 0.69 (0.58–0.85) d. 0.94 (0.47–1.87) e. 0.62 (0.49–0.72) | age and sex |
Masel et al. 2010 [60] | USA | Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, Prospective | 1008 | 2 yrs | 74–101 yrs. 63.2% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | OR, 1-point increase | PCS: 0.962 (0.941–0.984) MCS: 0.996 (0.974–1.018) | age, sex, education, marital status, financial strain, chronic illness, smoking, BMI, and frailty |
Mold et al. 2008 [61] | USA | Oklahoma Longitudinal Assessment of Health Outcomes of Mature Adults Studies, Prospective | 604 | 5 yrs | 65 yrs. + 56% | SF-36 PF and bodily pain | all-cause | HR, 1-unit increase | PF: 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | education, income, smoking, initial and instrumental activity of daily living, health utilities / conditions |
Munoz et al. 2011 [62] | Spain | Prospective Cohort | 3724 | 6.3 yrs. (median) | 35–74 yrs. 51.9% | SF-12 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, 3rd Tertile vs.1st Tertile (Low) | PCS: 0.58 (0.39–0.87) MCS: 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | age, sex, marital status, education and cardiovascular risk factors |
Murray et al. 2011 [63] | Scotland | Lothian Birth Cohort 1921, Prospective | 448 | 9 yrs | 79 yrs. 56.70% | 26-item WHOQOL-BREF | all-cause | HR, 1 tertile increase / 1-point increase | Overall: 0.84 (0.67–1.05) GH: 0.75 (0.64–0.89) Physical: 0.90 (0.86–0.95) Psychological: 0.98 (0.91–1.06) Social: 0.97 (0.91–1.04) Environment: 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | age and sex |
Myint et al. 2006 [64]a | UK | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer -Norfolk, Prospective | 17,777 | 6.5 yrs. (mean) | 41–80 yrs. 56.25% | SF-36 PCS (UK.V) | all-cause | RR, Quintiles 5 (Highest) vs. Quintiles 1 | PCS Men: 0.47 (0.33–0.65) Women: 0.41 (0.27–0.64) | age, BMI, SBP, blood cholesterol, smoking, diabetes and social class |
Myint et al. 2007 [65]a | UK | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer -Norfolk, Prospective | 17,777 | 6.5 yrs. (mean) | 40–79 yrs. 56.25% | SF-36 MCS (UK.V) | all-cause | HR, 1-point increase | MCS: 0.987 (0.981–0.993) | age, sex, PCS, lifestyle, BMI, SBP, blood cholesterol, diabetes, and social class |
Myint et al. 2010 [26]a | UK | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer -Norfolk, Prospective | 17,736 | 6.5 yrs. (mean) | 40–79 yrs. 56.23% | SF-6D (UK.V) | all-cause | HR, 1 SD (0.12-point) increase | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) | age, sex, BMI, SBP, blood cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and social class |
Nilsson et al. 2011 [66]a | Sweden | Inhabitants in the Swedish city of Vasteras, Prospective | 417 | 10 yrs | 75 yrs. 51.08% | PGWB | all-cause | RR, 1-unit change | Global Score Men: 0.984 (0.969–0.998) Women: 0.994 (0.978–1.010) | for men: smoking, obesity, living alone and other health conditions |
Otero-Rodriguez et al. 2010 [67]a | Spain | Spanish Population-Based Cohort, Prospective | 2373 | 6 yrs | 60 yrs. + 57.5% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, 1-point increase | PCS: 0.952 (0.935–0.969) MCS: 0.990 (0.976–1.006) | sex, age, HRQOL, education, marital status, BMI, other health and lifestyle factors, PCS/MCS |
Perera et al. 2005 [68]a | USA | Prospective cohort | 439 | 5 yrs | 65 yrs. + 44.40% | SF-36 PF | all-cause | HR, 1-point increase | PF: 0.991 (0.945–1.036) | age, sex, measure of change, number of comorbid domains, hospitalization |
Razzaque et al. 2014 [69]a | Bangladesh | Matlab HDSS, Prospective | 4037 | 2 yrs | 50 yrs. + 50.06% | WHOQOL | all-cause | RR, Good/Very Good vs. Bad/Very Bad | Men: 0.26 (0.16–0.41) Women: 0.30 (0.10–0.86) | age and socio-demographic variables |
Singh et al. 2005 [70]a | USA | Prospective | 40,508 | 1 yr | 64.5 (13.7) yrs. 4.2% | SF-36 PCS and MCS (V.V) | all-cause | OR, 1-point increase | PCS: 0.933 (0.926–0.941) MCS: 0.968 (0.962–0.973) | age, sex, socioeconomic, smoking, VA eligibility status, and prior healthcare utilization |
St.John et al. 2018 [71]a | Canada | Manitoba Follow-up Study, Prospective | 734 | 9 yrs | 85.5 (3.0) yrs. 0% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | RR, High vs. Low | PCS: 0.50 (0.38–0.64) MCS: 0.55 (0.40–0.76) | age |
Sutcliffe et al. 2007 [72] | UK | Prospective | 308 | 0.75 yrs | 60–90 yrs. + 68.8% | LQOLP-R - Spitzer | all-cause | HR, increased score | 0.9805 (0.9704–0.9907) | unadjusted |
Tibblin et al. 1993 [73] | Sweden | Study of men born in 1913, Prospective | 787 | 18 yrs | 50 yrs. + 0% | Goteborg QoL | all-cause | No Data | Only Health variable was significantly related to mortality | health, physical fitness, and appetite |
Tice et al. 2006 [74] | USA | B-FIT, Prospective | 17,748 | 9 yrs | 55–80 yrs. + 100% | SF-20 PF | all-cause | HR, Highest vs. Lowest | PF: 0.70 (0.60–0.90) | age, other health and lifestyle factors |
Tsai et al. 2007 [23]a | Taiwan | A 2000 Population-based survey in Taiwan, Prospective | 4424 | 3 yrs | 65 yrs. + | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | RR, 1-point increase | PCS: 0.954 (0.941–0.968) MCS: 0.985 (0.971–0.999) | age, sex, feel tired, other health and lifestyle factors |
Ul-Haq et al. 2014 [75]a | Scotland | Scottish Health Survey 2003, Retrospective | 5272 | 7.6 yrs. (mean) | 20–65 yrs. + 54.80% | SF-12 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, Best vs. Worst | PCS: 0.36 (0.22–0.57) MCS:0.80 (0.61–1.05) | age, sex, SIMd, education, BMI, other health and lifestyle factors |
Williams et al. 2012 [76]a | Australia | Australia Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study, Prospective | 9979 | 7.4 yrs | 25 yrs. + 55.00% | SF-36 PCS and MCS | all-cause | HR, 1-point change | PF: 0.983 (0.979–0.987) RP: 0.995 (0.993–0.997) Bodily Pain: 0.996 (0.992–0.999) GH: 0.985 (0.980–0.990) Vitality: 0.992 (0.987–0.996) Social F: 0.993 (0.990–0.996) RE: 0.999 (0.996–1.001) MH: 0.999 (0.994–1.004) | age, sex, BMI, smoking, heath conditions, serum measures |
Xie et al. 2014 [77]a | China | PRC-USA Study, Prospective | 1739 | 10.1 yrs. (median) | 57.7 (8.4) yrs. 64.2% | Chinese (QOL-35) | all-cause | HR, Upper 50% vs. Lower 50% | 0.69 (0.49–1.00) | age, sex, social-economic, other health and lifestyle factors |