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Table 2 Individual study characteristics

From: Influences on NHS Health Check behaviours: a systematic review

Reference

Participants

Target behaviour(s)

Data collection method

Primary care

 Alageel, S., M.C. Gulliford, L. McDermott, and A.J. Wright, Implementing multiple health behaviour change interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in primary care: a qualitative study. BMC family practice. 2018;19:(1): 171 [17].

30 Primary care HCPs

Invite

Deliver

Refer

Patient behaviour change

Qualitative face to face interview

 Baker, C., E.A. Loughren, D. Crone, and N. Kallfa, Patients’ perceptions of a NHS Health Check in the primary care setting. Quality in Primary Care. 2014;22:(5): 232–7 [18].

1011 patients who had attended an NHS Health Check

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Postal survey gathering qualitative and quantitative data

 Boase, S., D. Mason, S. Sutton, and S. Cohn, Tinkering and tailoring individual consultations: how practice nurses try to make cardiovascular risk communication meaningful. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2012;21:(17–18): 2590–8 [19].

28 nurses

Deliver

Focus groups and interviews

 Chatterjee, R., T. Chapman, M.G. Brannan, and J. Varney, GPs’ knowledge, use, and confidence in national physical activity and health guidelines and tools: a questionnaire-based survey of general practice in England. British Journal of General Practice. 2017;67:(663): e668-e675 [20].

1013 GPs

Deliver

Online quantitative survey

 Cook, E.J., C. Sharp, G. Randhawa, A. Guppy, R. Gangotra, and J. Cox, Who uses NHS health checks? Investigating the impact of ethnicity and gender and method of invitation on uptake of NHS health checks. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2016;15:(13) [21]

50,485 patients invited for NHS Health Checks

Attend

Data extracted from routinely collected data on NHS Health Checks

 Dalton, A.R., A. Bottle, C. Okoro, A. Majeed, and C. Millett, Uptake of the NHS Health Checks programme in a deprived, culturally diverse setting: cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health. 2011;33:(3): 422–9 [22].

57,240 patients invited for NHS Health Checks

Behaviour only

Data extracted from routinely collected data on NHS Health Checks

 Ellis, N., C. Gidlow, L. Cowap, J. Randall, Z. Iqbal, and J. Kumar, A qualitative investigation of non-response in NHS health checks. Archives of Public Health. 2015;73:(1): 14 [23].

41 NHS Health Check non-attenders

Attend

Interviews

 Greaves C, Gillison F, Stathi A, Bennett P, Reddy P, Dunbar J, et al. Waste the waist: a pilot randomised controlled trial of a primary care based intervention to support lifestyle change in people with high cardiovascular risk. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity. 2015;12:1 [24].

54 patients

Behaviour only

Patient records

 Honey, S., L.D. Bryant, J. Murray, K. Hill, and A. House, Differences in the perceived role of the healthcare provider in delivering vascular health checks: a Q methodology study. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14:(172) [25].

52 primary HCPs

Deliver Patient behaviour change

Q sort task” participants rank a set of predefined attitudinal statements. The sorting patterns of the participants are analysed using by-person correlation and factor analytic techniques to identify distinct ‘clusters of likemindedness’

 Honey, S., K. Hill, J. Murray, C. Craigs, and A. House, Patients’ responses to the communication of vascular risk in primary care: a qualitative study. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2015;16:(1): 61–70 [26].

37 patients at increased risk of CVD

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Qualitative interview

 Ismail, H. and K. Atkin, The NHS Health Check programme: insights from a qualitative study of patients. Health Expectations. 2016;19:(2): 345–55 [27].

45 patients 12 month-post NHS Health Check

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Qualitative interview

 Ismail, H. and S. Kelly, Lessons learned from England’s Health Checks Programme: using qualitative research to identify and share best practice. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16:(144) [28].

58 staff involved all levels of the delivery of NHS Health Checks

Invite

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Qualitative interview

 Jenkinson, C.E., A. Asprey, C.E. Clark, and S.H. Richards, Patients’ willingness to attend the NHS cardiovascular health checks in primary care: a qualitative interview study. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16:(33) [29].

17 attendees and 10 non-attendees.

Attend

Patient behaviour change

Attend repeat

Qualitative interview

 Kirby, M. and I. Machen, Impact on clinical practice of the Joint British Societies’ cardiovascular risk assessment tools. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2009;63:(12): 1683–92 [30].

825 GPs

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Online survey

 Krska, J., R. du Plessis, and H. Chellaswamy, Implementation of NHS Health Checks in general practice: variation in delivery between practices and practitioners. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2016;17:(4): 385–92 [31].

2892 patients

Deliver

Record

Patient electronic records

 Krska, J., R. du Plessis, and H. Chellaswamy, Views of practice managers and general practitioners on implementing NHS Health Checks. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2016;17:(2): 198–205 [32].

43 GPs and 40 practice managers

Invite

Attend

Deliver

Postal survey

 McDermott, L., A.J. Wright, V. Cornelius, C. Burgess, A.S. Forster, M. Ashworth, et al., Enhanced invitation methods and uptake of health checks in primary care: randomised controlled trial and cohort study using electronic health records. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2016;20:(84): 1–92 [33].

12,052 patients invited for NHS Health Check

Influences on behaviour not reported

Routinely collected data

 McNaughton, R.J. and J. Shucksmith, Reasons for (non)compliance with intervention following identification of ‘high-risk’ status in the NHS Health Check programme. Journal of Public Health. 2015;37:(2): 218–25 [34].

29 patients who had undergone NHS Health Check and identified as having increased CVD risk

Patient behaviour change

Interview

 Murray, K.A., D.J. Murphy, S.J. Clements, A. Brown, and S.B. Connolly, Comparison of uptake and predictors of adherence in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in a community-based cardiovascular prevention programme (MyAction Westminster). Journal of Public Health. 2014;36:(4): 644–50 [35].

483 patients identified at high risk CVD in an NHS Health Check and were referred to a CVD prevention programme

Attend referral

Uptake rate was defined as attendance at the initial assessment; hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed with the EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report

Questionnaire score and the EuroQol Visual

Analogue Scale of current health status (EQVAS); Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire.

 Riley, R., N. Coghill, A. Montgomery, G. Feder, and J. Horwood, Experiences of patients and healthcare professionals of NHS cardiovascular health checks: a qualitative study. Journal of Public Health. 2016;38:(3): 543–551 [36].

28 patients and 16 HCPs

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Interviews

 Riley, V.A., C. Gidlow, and N.J. Ellis, Uptake of NHS health check: issues in monitoring. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2018;1–4 [37].

15 commissioners

Record

Interviews

 Robson, J., I. Dostal, V. Madurasinghe, A. Sheikh, S. Hull, K. Boomla, et al., NHS Health Check comorbidity and management: an observational matched study in primary care.[Erratum appears in Br J Gen Pract. 2017 Mar;67(656):112; PMID: 28232346]. British Journal of General Practice. 2017;67:(655): e86-e93 [38].

252,259 patients invited for NHS Health Checks in 3 CCGs in East London

Only non-modifiable influences on behaviour reported

Routinely collected data

 Burgess, C., A.J. Wright, A.S. Forster, H. Dodhia, J. Miller, F. Fuller, et al., Influences on individuals’ decisions to take up the offer of a health check: a qualitative study. Health Expectations. 2015;18:(6): 2437–2448 [39].

27 patients invited for NHS Health Check

Attend

Interview

 Chipchase, L., J. Waterall, and P. Hill, Understanding how the NHS Health Check works in practice. Practice Nursing. 2013;24:(1): 24–29 [40].

10 patients who had undergone NHS Health Checks

Attend

Patient behaviour change

Interview

 Shaw, R.L., H. Lowe, C. Holland, H. Pattison, and R. Cooke, GPs’ perspectives on managing the NHS Health Check in primary care: a qualitative evaluation of implementation in one area of England. BMJ Open. 2016;6:(7): e010951 [41].

9 GPs

Deliver

Refer

Interview

 Shaw, R.L., H.M. Pattison, C. Holland, and R. Cooke, Be SMART: examining the experience of implementing the NHS Health Check in UK primary care. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16:(1) [42].

23 Patients and 31 HCPs

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Interview

 Attwood, S., K. Morton, and S. Sutton, Exploring equity in uptake of the NHS Health Check and a nested physical activity intervention trial. Journal of Public Health. 2016;38:(3): 560–568 [43].

1165 patients invited for NHS Health Check

Behaviour only

Routinely collected data

 Artac, M., A.R.H. Dalton, H. Babu, S. Bates, C. Millett, and A. Majeed, Primary care and population factors associated with NHS Health Check coverage: a national cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health. 2013;35:(3): 431–439 [44].

40,112 patients invited for NHS Health Check

Behaviour only

Electronic medical records of general practices in Hammersmith and Fulham, London

Primary and community care

 Usher-Smith, J.A., E. Harte, C. MacLure, A. Martin, C.L. Saunders, C. Meads, et al., Patient experience of NHS health checks: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis. BMJ Open. 2017;7:(8): e017169 [45].

20 studies reporting Patient experience of NHS health checks

(3497 participants, number of participants not reported for 1 study)”

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Secondary data synthesis

 Mills, K., E. Harte, A. Martin, C. MacLure, S.J. Griffin, J. Mant, et al., Views of commissioners, managers and healthcare professionals on the NHS Health Check programme: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2017;7:(11): e018606 [46].

15 papers reporting views of Commissioners, managers and HCPs (870 participants)

Attend

Deliver

Refer

Secondary data synthesis

Community care

 Mason, A., D. Liu, L. Marks, H. Davis, D. Hunter, L.M. Jehu, et al., Local authority commissioning of NHS Health Checks: A regression analysis of the first 3 years. Health Policy. 2018;122:(9): 1035–1042 [47].

HPCs and > 8,000,000 patients

Invite

Routinely collected national data

 McNaughton, R.J., N.T. Oswald, J.S. Shucksmith, P.J. Heywood, and P.S. Watson, Making a success of providing NHS Health Checks in community pharmacies across the Tees Valley: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. 2011;11:(222) [48].

20 (10 in primary care including DPH, project manager, clinical lead, public health nurses, pharmacy advisor, community services manager, a professional executive committee member and IT database developer; 8 pharmacists, two Local Pharmaceutical Committee representatives)

Attend

Deliver

Interviews

 Penn, L., A. Rodrigues, A. Haste, M.M. Marques, K. Budig, K. Sainsbury, et al., NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme in England: formative evaluation of the programme in early phase implementation. BMJ Open. 2018;8:(2): e019467 [49].

20 patients referred to NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme following NHS Health Check

Patient behaviour change

Interviews and focus groups

 Perry, C., M. Thurston, S. Alford, J. Cushing, and L. Panter, The NHS health check programme in England: a qualitative study. Health Promotion International. 2016;31:(1): 106–15 [50].

36 patients undergoing NHS Health Checks

Attend

Deliver

Patient behaviour change

Interviews and focus groups

 Roberts, D.J. and V.C. de Souza, A venue-based analysis of the reach of a targeted outreach service to deliver opportunistic community NHS Health Checks to ‘hard-to-reach’ groups. Public Health. 2016;137:(176–81) [51].

3849 patients who underwent opportunistic outreach NHS Health Checks

Behaviour only

Routinely collected data for an outreach service in Buckinghamshire.

 Taylor, J., J. Krska, and A. Mackridge, A community pharmacy-based cardiovascular screening service: views of service users and the public. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2012;20:(5): 277–84 [52].

259 patients who had undergone NHS Health Check, and 261 non-service users

Attend

Questionnaire

 Visram, S., S.M. Carr, and L. Geddes, Can lay health trainers increase uptake of NHS Health Checks in hard-to-reach populations? A mixed-method pilot evaluation. Journal of Public Health. 2015;37:(2): 226–33 [53].

181 patients

Attend

Questionnaire

  1. * Reported data on behaviour only (not influences on behaviour)