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Table 3 Association between geographical characteristics and area-based loneliness (multilevel logistic regression)

From: Lonely places or lonely people? Investigating the relationship between loneliness and place of residence

 

Model A

Model B

Model C

OR (95%CI), p-value

OR (95%CI), p-value

OR (95%CI), p-value

Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) (ref = 1st quintile-least deprived)

2nd quintile

1.34 (1.08–1.67), 0.008

1.14 (0.88–1.47), 0.321

1.11 (0.86–1.44), 0.406

3rd quintile

1.31 (1.03–1.65), 0.025

1.27 (0.97–1.66), 0.087

1.27 (0.97–1.67), 0.081

4th quintile

1.61 (1.26–2.06), < 0.001

1.27 (0.95–1.1770), 0.106

1.26 (0.94–1.69), 0.123

5th quintile-most deprived

1.95 (1.49–2.57), < 0.001

1.57 (1.12–2.20), 0.008

1.53 (1.09–2.14), 0.015

p-value for trend

< 0.001

0.006

0.009

Urban/rural character (ref = Urban)

Town and fringe

0.79 (0.62–1.01), 0.065

0.78 (0.59–1.04), 0.096

0.77 (0.57–1.03), 0.085

Village

0.98 (0.77–1.25), 0.880

1.20 (0.90–1.60), 0.195

1.26 (0.95–1.67), 0.105

Hamlet and isolated dwellings

0.92 (0.63–1.35), 0.673

0.96 (0.61–1.50), 0.874

1.00 (0.63–1.60), 0.984

p-value for trend

0.427

0.790

0.506

Geographical regions (ref = London)

North East

0.74 (0.48–1.12), 0.157

0.76 (0.44–1.25), 0.291

0.76 (0.45–1.26), 0.291

North West

0.73 (0.51–1.06), 0.094

0.66 (0.42–1.02), 0.062

0.66 (0.42–1.02), 0.062

Yorkshire and The Humber

0.98 (0.69–1.40), 0.908

0.88 (0.58–1.36), 0.576

0.89 (0.60–1.36), 0.576

East Midlands

0.78 (0.54–1.13), 0.196

0.70 (0.45–1.09), 0.116

0.70 (0.45–1.09), 0.116

West Midlands

0.82 (0.54–1.13), 0.287

0.71 (0.45–1.10), 0.127

0.71 (0.52–1.13), 0.190

East of England

1.02 (0.73–1.42), 0.881

0.97 (0.64–1.46), 0.878

1.09 (0.45–1.10), 0.127

South East

0.96 (0.68–1.29), 0.761

0.91 (0.61–1.33), 0.619

0.97 (0.63–1.46), 0.879

South West

0.95 (0.67–1.34), 0.761

0.83 (0.54–1.27), 0.398

0.91 (0.61–1.33), 0.861

  1. Model A = geographical characteristics+age + gender
  2. Model B = Model A+ social network + individual-based loneliness from baseline wave
  3. Model C = Model B + health characteristics