Whole systems approaches to obesity and other complex public health challenges: a systematic review

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Public health issue addressed in studies, by country

	Obesity	Healthy lifestyles	Smoking	Alcohol	Drugs	Diabetes	Cardiovascular disease	Falls prevention	Healthy weight gain in pregnancy	Chronic disease management	Other (domestic or alcohol related violence or disorder)
USA & Canada	TOTAL = 12 6 MME [19, 26, 37, 68, 75, 82] 1 survey [34] 1 nRCT [35] 1 Qual [76] 1 CS [42] 1 NAS [72]	TOTAL = 8 2 Qual [46, 74] 1 P cohort [23] 2 MME [45, 47] 2 nRCT [43, 57] 1 B&A [66]	TOTAL = 7 2 MME [49, 50] 2 CS [51, 56] 1 RCT [54] 1 nRCT [60] 1 B&A [63]	TOTAL = 2 2 RCT [48, 80] 1 MME [80] 1 Qual [80]		TOTAL = 2 1 MME & Qual [68] 1 Qual [74]	1 nRCT [43]		1 MME [37]	1 MME [45]
UK	TOTAL = 7 1 MME [32] 1 survey [53] 4 Qual [38, 58, 61, 71] 1 B&A [53]	TOTAL = 3 2 Qual [24, 65] 1 MME [25]		1 MME/ B&A [55]	1 nRCT [79]			1 Qual [24]			1 MME/ B&A [55]
Australia	TOTAL = 5 1 MME [27] 2 Nat exp. [31, 32] 2 nRCT [44, 69]
Iran		2 nRCT [59, 70]
Netherlands		1 P cohort [73]					1 P cohort [73]
Sweden		1 Qual [20]		1 Qual [78]
WHO Healthy Cities (Global)		TOTAL = 9 8 MME [28, 29, 36, 40, 41, 52, 67, 77] 1 Qual [39]
WHO Healthy Cities (Spain)		2 Qual [21, 22]
WHO Healthy Cities (Germany)		1 MME [64]
WHO Healthy Cities (Israel)		1 Survey [33]
Who Healthy Cities (Bangladesh)		1 Qual [81]
Other Global	2 Qual [62, 83]

MME Mixed methods evaluation, RCT Randomised controlled trial, nRCT Non randomised controlled trial, Qual Qualitative or case study, CS Cross-sectional study, NAS Network analysis study, B&A Before and after study, Nat Exp Natural experiment, P cohort Prospective cohort study

ISSN: 1471-2458