Author (ref number) | Sample, method, country, study period | Observed mean differences or risk estimates, immigrants compared with natives: |
---|---|---|
Sick leave | ||
 Bengtsson et al. [81] | General working pop., Register panel data, Sweden, 1982–91 | Sick leave (25 days): RR 2 to 7 a times higher risk |
 Brekke et al. [82] | General working pop., survey and register data, Norway, 2000/1 | Sick leave days: mean 6.3 days more a (m), mean 8.3 days more a (w). |
 Brekke et al. [22] | Cohort of pregnant women, register data 2008–10 | Number of sickness absence > 2 weeks: Marginal mean 2.0, 95%CI 1.23–2.77) |
 Carneiro et al. [23] | Elderly care workers, survey, Denmark, 2005 | Sickness absence (≥21 days): RR 0.66 95%CI 0.43–1.01NS |
 Carneiro et al. [24] | Convenience sample Cleaners, survey, Denmark, 2007/8 | 6-month period: mean 6.7 vs. 5.0 days sick−leave.NS |
 Dahl et al. [83] | General working pop., Register data, Norway, 1992–2003 | ≥14 days: Asia: OR 1.5 a, Africa OR  1.7 a, North-America OR  0.6 a |
 Hansen et al. [42] | General working pop., Register, data Norway, 2003–06 | ≥16 days: Probability 1.3 to 3.6% higher a, mean 1.4 to 3.2 days longer |
 Soler-Gonzales et al. [74] | Sample of Patients treated in primary care, Spain, 2005 | Any period of sick-leave: Natives vs Immigrants RR 1.7 95%CI 1.43–2.02 |
Disability pension | ||
 Clausen et al. [28] | General working pop., survey and register data, Norway, 2001–2004 | OR 2.27, 95%CI 1.55–3.23 |
 Elders et al. [37] | Dutch comparative registry study, Turkish scaffolders, 1981–2000 | RR 2.48, 95%CI 1.94–3.18 |
 Johansson et al. [45] | General working pop, register data, Sweden, 2005 | HR 1.9, 95%CI 1.9–2.0 (m), HR 1.7, 95%CI 1.7–1.7 (w) |
 Solé et al. [73] | 4% random sample drawn from a Spanish national register | RR 0.3 (PR 1.6% vs. 4.9%)a |