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Table 1 Percentage reduction in cumulative influenza attack rate, 2000–2017

From: Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review

First author, year published

Country

Influenza strain

Interventionb

Percentage reductiona

R0 ≤ 1.9

R0 = 2.0–2.4

R0 ≥ 2.5

Epidemiological studiesc

 Rousculp, 2010 [27]

USA

Seasonal influenza A(H3N2), 2007–2008

Single

20

–

–

 Kumar, 2012 [28]

USA

2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic

Single

36

–

–

 Lee, 2010 [29]

Singapore

2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic

Multiple

61

–

–

Modeling studies

 Timpka, 2016 [30]

Sweden

Future pandemic strain

Single

12d

–

–

 Zhang, 2012 [31]

Singapore

Not reported

Single

18

–

–

 Mao, 2011 [32]

USA

Seasonal scenario (R0 = 1.4) and a pandemic scenario (R0 = 2.0)

Single

82

23

–

 Xia, 2013 [33]

China

2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic

Single

–

–

–

Single + VAC

–

–

–

 Milne, 2008 [34]

Australia

Pandemic strain

Single

28

13

7

Multiple

94

96

95

 Milne, 2013 [35]

Papua New Guinea

Pandemic strain

Multiple

63e

–

–

 Miller, 2008 [36]

USA

Influenza A(H3N2) in population with no prior immunity

Multiple

88

–

–

 Andradottir, 2011 [37]

Canada

2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic

Multiple

30

–

–

Multiple + VAC

61

–

–

Multiple + AV

73

–

–

 Perlroth, 2010 [38]

USA

Not reported

Multiple

77

38

–

Multiple + AV

90

71

–

 Halloran-Imperial/Pitt model, 2008 [39]

USA

Future pandemic strain

Multiple

73

–

–

Multiple + AV

83

70

53

 Halloran-UW/LANL model, 2008 [39]

USA

Future pandemic strain

Multiple

89

–

–

Multiple + AV

94

92

86

 Halloran-VBI model, 2008 [39]

USA

Future pandemic strain

Multiple

72

–

–

Multiple + AV

91

81

64

  1. Abbreviations: ILI influenza-like illness, R 0 basic reproduction number, Imperial/Pitt Imperial College and the University of Pittsburgh, UW/LANL University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and the Los Alamos National Laboratories, VBI Virginia Bioinformatics Institute of the Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University
  2. aPercentage reduction = ((Attack rate in the absence of intervention – Attack rate with intervention) / Attack rate in the absence of intervention) × 100. Unless otherwise stated, percentage reduction applies to the intervention group in the epidemiological studies and to the general population in the modeling studies
  3. bSingle: Workplace social distancing (e.g., working from home, reduction in workplace contacts by 50%); Multiple: Workplace social distancing and other nonpharmaceutical interventions; AV: Antiviral treatment and prophylaxis; VAC: Vaccination
  4. cOutcomes are surrogates for influenza: Rousculp - Attended work with severe ILI; Kumar - ILI; Lee - Seroconversion to 2009 influenza A(H1N1)
  5. dReduction in cumulative influenza attack rate in the workplace = 58%
  6. eReduction in cumulative influenza attack rate in the workplace = 81%
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BMC Public Health

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