Risk factors | Age-standardized rate per 100,000 (95% UI) | Age-standardized proportion (%) (95% UI) | Age-standardized proportion (%) (95% UI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2015 | 1990 | 2015 | Change in proportion (%) | 1990 | 2015 | |
Deaths | |||||||
All causes | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | ||||||
Child and maternal undernutrition | 231 (185–294) | 44 (33–56) | 8.6 (6.8–11) | 3.6 (2.5–5.1)* | −58.5 (−72.4 to − 39.7) | 18.4 (14.7–23.6) | 9.9 (7.3–13.4)* |
Childhood undernutrition | 195 (150–254) | 30 (22–40) | 7.3 (5.5–9.5) | 2.5 (1.5–3.9)* | −65.4 (−80.1 to − 43.5) | 15.5 (11.8–20.4) | 7.0 (4.4–10.3)* |
Childhood wasting | 162 (113–230) | 27 (19–36) | 6.0 (4.1–8.7) | 2.2 (1.3–3.4)* | −62.8 (−78.8 to −37.4) | 12.9 (8.9–18.5) | 6.2 (3.9–9)* |
Childhood underweight | 85 (50–148) | 10 (6–17) | 3.2 (1.8–5.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.5)* | −72.6 (−87.4 to − 43.7) | 6.8 (3.9–11.5) | 2.4 (1.3–4.2) |
Childhood stunting | 55 (24–108) | 7 (3–13) | 2.0 (0.9–4.1) | 0.6 (0.2–1.2) | −72.7 (−89.9 to − 41.2) | 4.4 (2.0–8.7) | 1.6 (0.6–3.2) |
Suboptimal breastfeeding | 31 (15–49) | 7 (4–12) | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | −49.9 (− 75.6 to 3.2) | 2.5 (1.2–4.0) | 1.6 (0.8–2.7) |
Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 28 (14–45) | 7 (3–11) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | −47.7 (− 74.8 to 5.7) | 2.2 (1.1–3.6) | 1.5 (0.7–2.6) |
Discontinued breastfeeding | 4 (1–9) | 1 (0–1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | − 68.8 (− 88.2 to 4.8) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.1 (0–0.3) |
Iron deficiency | 30 (19–44) | 12 (7–20) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | − 12.3 (− 35.5 to 24.2) | 2.4 (1.5–3.4) | 2.7 (1.8–3.9) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 36 (12–86) | 2 (1–7) | 1.3 (0.5–3.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | − 84.9 (− 96.2 to − 35.5) | 2.9 (1.0–6.8) | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) |
Zinc deficiency | 5 (0–14) | 1 (0–2) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | −68.5 (− 90.6 to 17.1) | 0.4 (0.0–1.1) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) |
Metabolic risks | 16 (9–25) | 6 (3–12) | 17.0 (15.4–18.7) | 24.2 (22.2–26.1)* | 42.5 (27.1 to 58.3) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 16 (9–25) | 6 (3–12) | 4.5 (3.8–5.3) | 6.7 (5.6–8.0)* | 48.1 (23.9 to 72) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
All causes | Change in proportion (%) | Non-communicable diseases | |||||
Dietary risks | 290 (231–364) | 182 (112–282) | 10.8 (8.8–13.3) | 14.5 (11.7–18.0) | 35.0 (14.1 to 53.9) | 25.6 (21.4–31.3) | 25.6 (20.6–31.6) |
Diet low in fruits | 105 (71–141) | 61 (33–99) | 3.9 (2.7–5.3) | 4.9 (3.3–6.5) | 25 (2.5 to 45.3) | 9.3 (6.5–12.1) | 8.6 (5.8–11.4) |
Diet low in vegetables | 65 (35–101) | 40 (17–72) | 2.4 (1.3–3.7) | 3.2 (1.7–4.9) | 32.5 (6.3 to 55.7) | 5.7 (3.1–8.8) | 5.6 (3.0–8.7) |
Diet low in whole grains | 61 (38–88) | 37 (18–66) | 2.3 (1.4–3.3) | 2.9 (1.8–4.3) | 29.8 (4.5 to 51.3) | 5.4 (3.4–7.6) | 5.2 (3.3–7.5) |
Diet high in sodium | 58 (10–155) | 35 (5–105) | 2.2 (0.4–5.9) | 2.8 (0.5–7.5) | 28.7 (− 0.6 to 57.4) | 5.2 (0.9–13.7) | 4.9 (0.9–13.3) |
Diet low in nuts and seeds | 50 (30–72) | 34 (18–59) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 2.7 (1.7–3.9) | 47.8 (19.2 to 73.0) | 4.4 (2.8–6.2) | 4.8 (2.9–6.9) |
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 39 (16–64) | 26 (10–50) | 1.4 (0.6–2.4) | 2.1 (0.9–3.4) | 43.5 (15.0 to 70.0) | 3.4 (1.5–5.6) | 3.7 (1.6–5.9) |
Diet high in processed meat | 16 (6–26) | 10 (3–19) | 0.6 (0.2–1.0) | 0.8 (0.3–1.4) | 36.3 (8.8 to 62.2) | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 1.4 (0.5–2.4) |
Diet high in trans fatty acids | 10 (3–20) | 6 (2–14) | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 33.0 (1.4 to 61.8) | 0.9 (0.3–1.7) | 0.9 (0.3–1.8) |
Diet low in milk | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 62.4 (37.3 to 95.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) |
Diet suboptimal in calcium | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 61.2 (36.3 to 94.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) |
Diet high in red meat | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 31.7 (2.3 to 66.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 51.6 (19.4 to 98.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
Diet low in fiber | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 54.7 (−4.8 to 137.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 42.9 (14.3 to 69.3) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) |
Metabolic risks | 419 (357–483) | 283 (185–413) | 17.0 (15.4–18.7) | 24.2 (22.2–26.1)* | 42.5 (27.1 to 58.3) | 37.1 (34.6–39.7) | 39.8 (36.8–42.8) |
High systolic blood pressure | 286 (238–339) | 193 (124–284) | 10.6 (9.1–12.2) | 15.4 (13.5–17.4)* | 45.5 (28.4 to 64.3) | 25.3 (22.4–28.4) | 27.2 (24.0–30.5) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 106 (86–129) | 77 (49–117) | 4.5 (3.8–5.3) | 6.7 (5.6–8.0)* | 48.1 (23.9 to 72.0) | 9.4 (8.1–11.0) | 10.9 (9.1–13.2) |
High body-mass index | 33 (14–58) | 45 (21–81) | 1.2 (0.5–2.2) | 3.6 (2.0–5.6) | 196.8 (110.6 to 367.1) | 2.9 (1.3–5.1) | 6.4 (3.6–9.6) |
High total cholesterol | 73 (51–101) | 41 (21–71) | 2.7 (2.0–3.7) | 3.3 (2.1–4.8) | 20.4 (− 10.6 to 51.1) | 6.5 (4.8–8.7) | 5.8 (3.8–8.4) |
Impaired kidney function | 52 (41–63) | 34 (21–52) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 2.7 (2.2–3.4) | 42.7 (20.9 to 61.6) | 4.6 (3.7–5.5) | 4.8 (3.8–5.9) |
Low physical activity | 24 (17–31) | 17 (10–27) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 54.1 (27.3 to 80.1) | 2.1 (1.5–2.7) | 2.4 (1.7–3.2) |
Disability-adjusted life years | |||||||
All causes | Change in proportion (%) | Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases | |||||
Child and maternal undernutrition | 19,040 (15,070–24,312) | 3445 (2648–4359) | 17.3 (13.8–22.3) | 7.4 (5.4–9.9)* | − 57.2 (− 71.3 to − 39.9) | 31.0 (25.0–38.4) | 17.2 (12.8–22.0)* |
Childhood undernutrition | 16,719 (12,967–21,821) | 2667 (1971–3462) | 15.2 (11.7–19.8) | 5.8 (3.9–8.1)* | −62.1 (− 76.1 to − 43.9) | 27.2 (21.2–34.5) | 13.3 (9.3–17.9)* |
Childhood wasting | 13,916 (9775–19,748) | 2393 (1683–3178) | 12.7 (8.9–18.1) | 5.2 (3.4–7.3)* | −59.2 (− 74.6 to − 36.9) | 22.7 (15.6–31.8) | 12.0 (8.1–16.2) |
Childhood underweight | 7301 (4350–12,675) | 946 (594–1495) | 6.6 (4.0–11.5) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4)* | −69.2 (− 84.8 to − 43.8) | 11.9 (7.1–20.0) | 4.7 (2.9–7.7) |
Childhood stunting | 4700 (2097–9260) | 583 (241–1157) | 4.3 (1.9–8.4) | 1.3 (0.5–2.5) | −70.5 (− 88.6 to − 42) | 7.6 (3.5–14.5) | 2.9 (1.2–5.7) |
Suboptimal breastfeeding | 2654 (1277–4248) | 600 (308–1007) | 2.4 (1.2–3.9) | 1.3 (0.6–2.2) | −46.4 (− 71.6 to 6) | 4.3 (2.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.5–5.0) |
Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 2387 (1180–3871) | 562 (282–951) | 2.2 (1.1–3.5) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | −44.2 (− 70.9 to 8.6) | 3.9 (1.8–6.4) | 2.8 (1.4–4.8) |
Discontinued breastfeeding | 328 (74–771) | 48 (13–110) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | − 65.3 (− 85.3 to 15) | 0.5 (0.1–1.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) |
Iron deficiency | 1699 (1227–2338) | 665 (445–956) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | −8.5 (− 27.9 to 17.8) | 2.8 (2.0–3.8) | 3.3 (2.5–4.4) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 3069 (1044–7297) | 216 (78–620) | 2.8 (0.9–6.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) | −83.2 (− 95.2 to − 32.9) | 5.0 (1.7–11.5) | 1.1 (0.4–3.3) |
Zinc deficiency | 416 (26–1200) | 60 (5–161) | 0.4 (0.0–1.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | −65.4 (− 87.4 to 30.1) | 0.7 (0.0–2.0) | 0.3 (0.0–0.9) |
Metabolic risks | 450 (257–709) | 172 (81–331) | 9.1 (8.1–10.1) | 13.1 (10.9–15.3) | 43.9 (16.6 to 74) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 450 (257–709) | 172 (81–331) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 4.4 (3.7–5.2) | 55.4 (27.4 to 84.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
All causes | Change in proportion (%) | Non-communicable diseases | |||||
Dietary risks | 6678 (5308–8507) | 3856 (2344–6154) | 6.1 (5–7.4) | 8.1 (6.1–10.5) | 33.6 (3.5 to 68.3) | 19.2 (16–23.1) | 16.5 (12.7–21.2) |
Diet low in fruits | 2563 (1729–3470) | 1394 (763–2261) | 2.3 (1.6–3.1) | 2.9 (1.9–4.1) | 25.8 (− 7.5 to 62.3) | 7.4 (5.2–9.8) | 6.0 (3.9–8.2) |
Diet low in whole grains | 1572 (997–2282) | 891 (449–1579) | 1.4 (0.9–2) | 1.9 (1.1–2.8) | 31.1 (− 3.4 to 68) | 4.5 (2.9–6.4) | 3.8 (2.3–5.6) |
Diet low in vegetables | 1520 (817–2380) | 838 (365–1537) | 1.4 (0.7–2.1) | 1.8 (0.9–2.8) | 27.3 (− 8.4to 66.9) | 4.4 (2.4–6.7) | 3.6 (1.8–5.7) |
Diet high in sodium | 1326 (247–3482) | 733 (125–2106) | 1.2 (0.2–3.2) | 1.5 (0.3–3.9) | 27.4 (− 8.9 to 68.4) | 3.8 (0.7–10.0) | 3.1 (0.6–8.0) |
Diet low in nuts and seeds | 1175 (731–1660) | 736 (399–1256) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 44.8 (7.9 to 86.9) | 3.4 (2.2–4.7) | 3.2 (2.0–4.7) |
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 879 (370–1408) | 510 (184–1021) | 0.8 (0.3–1.3) | 1.1 (0.4–1.9) | 33.7 (− 5.0 to 82.8) | 2.5 (1.1–4.1) | 2.2 (0.9–3.8) |
Diet high in processed meat | 426 (176–682) | 264 (111–468) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 43.5 (10.1 to 81.1) | 1.2 (0.5–1.9) | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) |
Diet high in trans fatty acids | 270 (97–530) | 152 (46–346) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 30.2 (− 9.8 to 77.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.5) | 0.7 (0.2–1.3) |
Diet low in milk | 53 (18–94) | 37 (12–72) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 58.9 (15.7 to 114.9) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) |
Diet suboptimal in calcium | 75 (46–109) | 51 (27–91) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 56.9 (14.7 to 113.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) |
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 23 (14–35) | 16 (9–28) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 67.1 (25.6 to 123.7) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 19 (8–31) | 11 (4–21) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 36.0 (− 1.3 to 81.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) |
Diet low in fiber | 7 (1–20) | 4 (0–13) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 35.9 (− 22.1 to 128.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) |
Metabolic risks | 9172 (7725–10,701) | 5804 (3840–8452) | 9.1 (8.1–10.1) | 13.1 (10.9–15.3)* | 43.9 (16.6 to 74.0) | 26.4 (24.0–28.8) | 24.9 (21.2–28.7) |
High systolic blood pressure | 5715 (4690–6830) | 3582 (2286–5400) | 5.2 (4.4–6.0) | 7.5 (5.9–9.3) | 45.1 (13.2 to 80.5) | 16.4 (14.2–18.7) | 15.4 (12.3–18.5) |
High fasting plasma glucose | 2680 (2224–3207) | 1921 (1310–2753) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 4.4 (3.7–5.2)* | 55.4 (27.4 to 84.3) | 7.7 (6.8–8.8) | 8.3 (7.1–9.7) |
High body-mass index | 910 (383–1584) | 1209 (601–2124) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 2.5 (1.4–3.8) | 207.9 (111.5 to 387.3) | 2.6 (1.2–4.5) | 5.2 (3.0–7.7) |
High total cholesterol | 1780 (1305–2387) | 826 (442–1374) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 7.2 (− 25.9 to 44.4) | 5.1 (3.9–6.5) | 3.5 (2.3–5.1) |
Impaired kidney function | 1143 (937–1388) | 703 (471–1025) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 43.0 (17.4 to 68.1) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 3.0 (2.5–3.6) |
Low physical activity | 502 (351–672) | 339 (210–531) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 56.9 (22.5 to 95.7) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.5 (1.0–1.9) |