Long-term effects of comprehensive school health on health-related knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, health behaviours and weight status of adolescents

Table 3 Comparisons of self-efficacy, PA and weight status between elementary school (2008/09) and junior high/high school (2015/16)

	APPLE Schools^a^† (Difference between graduates, 2015/16 and students, 2008/09)	Comparison schools^a^† (Difference between graduates, 2015/16 and students, 2008/09)	Difference between graduates, 2015/16 and students, 2008/09 in APPLE Schools relative to comparison schools^a^‡ (group x time interaction)	ICC
Self-efficacy (coefficient and 95% CI)^b
Self-efficacy for healthy eating (β and 95% CI)	0.14 (−0.22,0.49)	0.30 (− 0.02, 0.62)	− 0.16 (− 0.47, 0.14)	0.048
Self-efficacy for PA (β and 95% CI)	0.18 (− 0.010, 0.47)	−0.001 (− 0.27, 0.27)	0.19 (− 0.09, 0.45)	0.007
PA (coefficient and 95% CI)
Typical week, steps/d	− 776 (− 2171, 620)	− 1571 (− 2912, − 230)	795 (− 317, 1908)	0.085
School days, steps/d	− 608 (− 2160, 944)	− 1260 (− 2747, 227)	652 (− 582, 1886)	0.096
Non-school days, steps/d	− 1150 (− 2985, 686)	− 1882 (− 3638, − 125)	732 (− 770, 2235)	0.042
School hours, steps/h	54 (−76, 184)	−32 (−154, 90)	86 (−17, 186)	0.182
Non-school hours, steps/h	−235 (− 369, −102)	− 244 (− 374, −114)	8 (−101, 117)	0.041
Weight status (odds ratio and 95% CI)
Overweight	0.82 (0.44, 1.54)	0.85 (0.46, 1.56)	0.96 (0.54, 1.72)	0.017
Obesity	1.35 (0.59, 3.12)	2.36 (1.07, 5.20)	0.57 (0.27, 1.20)	0.039

^aModel adjusted for gender, age, parental educational attainment, household income, and geographic location
^bUsed factor scores from the confirmatory factor analyses
^†Negative values of β and OR values below 1 indicate a lower value of the outcome in graduates relative to students
^‡Negative values of β and OR values below 1 indicate a lower value of the outcome in APPLE Schools relative to comparison schools between 2008/09 and 2015/16

ISSN: 1471-2458