From: Associations between ideational variables and bed net use in Madagascar, Mali, and Nigeria
Predictor | Madagascar | Mali | Nigeria | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | Betaa | Odds Ratio | Betaa | Odds Ratio | Betaa | |
Age group | ||||||
 Under-5 (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 5–17 | 0.411*** | − 0.192 | 0.332*** | − 0.265 | 0.502*** | −0.162 |
 Adult | 0.934 | −0.016 | 0.374*** | −0.242 | 0.448*** | −0.202 |
Gender | ||||||
 Male (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Female | 1.155 | 0.034 | 0.839‡ | −0.044 | 1.044 | 0.011 |
Age group/Gender Interactions | ||||||
 Under-5 X Male (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 5–17 X Female | 0.978 | − 0.004 | 1.459*** | 0.073 | 1.084 | 0.015 |
 Adult X Female | 1.282‡ | 0.049 | 3.296*** | 0.247 | 1.667*** | 0.107 |
Household wealth quintile | ||||||
 Lowest (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Second | 0.971 | −0.006 | 0.913 | −0.019 | 0.960 | −0.008 |
 Middle | 0.849‡ | −0.029 | 0.852* | −0.031 | 0.962 | −0.008 |
 Fourth | 0.801** | −0.041 | 0.711*** | −0.065 | 0.950 | −0.011 |
 Highest | 0.989 | −0.002 | 0.646*** | −0.088 | 0.879‡ | −0.026 |
Household sizeb |  |  | 0.831*** | −0.316 |  |  |
Household sizeb | ||||||
 2–4 (RC) | 1.000 | – |  |  |  |  |
 5–6 | 0.452*** | −0.173 |  |  |  |  |
 7–8 | 0.246*** | −0.274 |  |  |  |  |
 9 + | 0.147*** | −0.338 |  |  |  |  |
Household sizeb | ||||||
 2–4 (RC) |  |  |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 5–6 |  |  |  |  | 0.529*** | −0.150 |
 7–9 |  |  |  |  | 0.365*** | −0.234 |
 10 + |  |  |  |  | 0.207*** | −0.313 |
Number of nets in householdc | ||||||
 1–2 (RC) |  |  | 1.00 | – |  |  |
 3–4 |  |  | 2.722*** | 0.240 |  |  |
 5 or more |  |  | 5.931*** | 0.415 |  |  |
Number of nets in householdc | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1–2 (RC) | 1.00 | – |  |  |  |  |
 3 or more | 2.793*** | 0.218 |  |  |  |  |
Number of nets in householdc | ||||||
 0–1 (RC) |  |  |  |  | 1.00 | – |
 2 |  |  |  |  | 0.893*** | −0.028 |
 3 or more |  |  |  |  | 0.646*** | −0.100 |
Zone of residence | ||||||
 Highlands (RC) | 1.00 | – |  |  |  |  |
 Sub-desert | 3.595*** | 0.278 |  |  |  |  |
 Tropical | 2.928*** | 0.231 |  |  |  |  |
 Equatorial | 5.076*** | 0.352 |  |  |  |  |
Region of residence | ||||||
 Koulikoro |  |  | 1.00 | – |  |  |
 Sikasso |  |  | 1.787*** | 0.130 |  |  |
 Mopti |  |  | 1.231*** | 0.045 |  |  |
 Bamako |  |  | 0.952 | −0.010 |  |  |
State of residence | ||||||
 Akwa Ibom (RC) |  |  |  |  | 1.00 | – |
 Kebbi |  |  |  |  | 1.487*** | 0.098 |
 Nasarawa |  |  |  |  | 1.099‡ | 0.022 |
Caregiver’s education | ||||||
 Primary or less (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Post-primary | 0.925 | −0.011 | 0.849** | −0.032 | 0.957 | −0.010 |
Caregiver’s religion | ||||||
 Non-Christian (RC) | 1.00 | – |  |  | 1.00 | – |
 Christian | 0.888‡ | −0.026 |  |  | 0.865* | −0.037 |
Caregiver’s radio listening habits | ||||||
 Fewer than once a week (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 At least once a week | 0.911 | −0.022 | 0.977 | −0.006 | 1.024 | 0.006 |
Caregiver’s TV watching habits | ||||||
 Fewer than once a week (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 At least once a week | 1.348** | 0.041 | 1.227*** | 0.051 | 1.034 | 0.008 |
Caregiver’s exposure to messages on malaria | ||||||
 No exposure (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |  |  |
 Low | 0.975 | −0.006 | 0.962 | −0.009 |  |  |
 High | 1.447*** | 0.073 | 0.899 | −0.018 |  |  |
Heard messages on malaria |  |  |  |  | 0.960 | −0.010 |
Caregiver’s perceived severity of malaria | ||||||
 Lower (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Higher | 0.971 | −0.006 | 0.973 | −0.007 | 0.885** | −0.031 |
 Caregiver’s perceived susceptibility to malaria |  | – |  |  |  | – |
 Lower (RC) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |  |
 Higher | 0.998 | −0.000 | 0.977 | − 0.006 | 0.927‡ | 0.019 |
Caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy to prevent malaria | ||||||
 Lower (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Higher | 1.567*** | 0.061 | 1.068 | 0.016 | 1.034 | 0.008 |
Caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy to detect a serious case of malaria | ||||||
 Lower (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Higher | 1.162** | 0.033 | 0.940 | −0.014 | 0.986 | −0.003 |
Caregiver’s perceived response-efficacy of nets | ||||||
 Lower (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Higher | 1.137 | 0.017 | 1.060 | 0.012 | 0.919* | −0.021 |
Caregiver’s awareness that fever is a symptom of malaria | ||||||
 Not aware (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |  |  |
 Aware | 0.985 | −0.003 | 1.155*** | 0.035 |  |  |
Caregiver’s awareness that mosquito is the cause of malaria | ||||||
 Not aware (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
 Aware | 0.982 | −0.003 | 1.365*** | 0.048 | 0.933 | −0.010 |
Caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy to purchase enough nets | ||||||
 Lower (RC) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |  |  |
 Higher | 1.344*** | 0.067 | 1.200*** | 0.044 |  |  |
Discussed malaria with friends/relations | 1.057 | 0.013 |  |  | 0.996 | −0.001 |
Participates in decisions about net allocation | 1.343*** | 0.061 |  |  | 0.998 | −0.001 |
Attitudes towards nets | ||||||
 Negative (RC) | 1.00 | – |  |  | 1.00 | – |
 Positive | 1.020 | 0.005 |  |  | 0.968 | −0.008 |
Perceived net use as the norm among in community | 1.391*** | 0.069 | Â | Â | 1.024 | 0.006 |
Knows where to buy nets | 1.284*** | 0.058 | Â | Â | 1.023 | 0.005 |
Willing to pay for nets | 1.015 | 0.003 | Â | Â | 1.045 | 0.011 |
Pseudo-R2 | 17.1% | 9.9% | 8.6% | |||
Hosmer-Lemeshow GOFd (X2/ p) | 15.3/0.08 | 15.5/0.08 | 14.9/0.09 | |||
Number of Observations | 9260 | 19,345 | 15,463 |