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Table 1 Results of logistic regression of household members’ net use by selected sociodemographic, ideational, and household variables in Madagascar, Mali, and Nigeria

From: Associations between ideational variables and bed net use in Madagascar, Mali, and Nigeria

Predictor

Madagascar

Mali

Nigeria

Odds Ratio

Betaa

Odds Ratio

Betaa

Odds Ratio

Betaa

Age group

 Under-5 (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 5–17

0.411***

− 0.192

0.332***

− 0.265

0.502***

−0.162

 Adult

0.934

−0.016

0.374***

−0.242

0.448***

−0.202

Gender

 Male (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Female

1.155

0.034

0.839‡

−0.044

1.044

0.011

Age group/Gender Interactions

 Under-5 X Male (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 5–17 X Female

0.978

− 0.004

1.459***

0.073

1.084

0.015

 Adult X Female

1.282‡

0.049

3.296***

0.247

1.667***

0.107

Household wealth quintile

 Lowest (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Second

0.971

−0.006

0.913

−0.019

0.960

−0.008

 Middle

0.849‡

−0.029

0.852*

−0.031

0.962

−0.008

 Fourth

0.801**

−0.041

0.711***

−0.065

0.950

−0.011

 Highest

0.989

−0.002

0.646***

−0.088

0.879‡

−0.026

Household sizeb

  

0.831***

−0.316

  

Household sizeb

 2–4 (RC)

1.000

–

    

 5–6

0.452***

−0.173

    

 7–8

0.246***

−0.274

    

 9 +

0.147***

−0.338

    

Household sizeb

 2–4 (RC)

    

1.00

1.00

 5–6

    

0.529***

−0.150

 7–9

    

0.365***

−0.234

 10 +

    

0.207***

−0.313

Number of nets in householdc

 1–2 (RC)

  

1.00

–

  

 3–4

  

2.722***

0.240

  

 5 or more

  

5.931***

0.415

  

Number of nets in householdc

      

 1–2 (RC)

1.00

–

    

 3 or more

2.793***

0.218

    

Number of nets in householdc

 0–1 (RC)

    

1.00

–

 2

    

0.893***

−0.028

 3 or more

    

0.646***

−0.100

Zone of residence

 Highlands (RC)

1.00

–

    

 Sub-desert

3.595***

0.278

    

 Tropical

2.928***

0.231

    

 Equatorial

5.076***

0.352

    

Region of residence

 Koulikoro

  

1.00

–

  

 Sikasso

  

1.787***

0.130

  

 Mopti

  

1.231***

0.045

  

 Bamako

  

0.952

−0.010

  

State of residence

 Akwa Ibom (RC)

    

1.00

–

 Kebbi

    

1.487***

0.098

 Nasarawa

    

1.099‡

0.022

Caregiver’s education

 Primary or less (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Post-primary

0.925

−0.011

0.849**

−0.032

0.957

−0.010

Caregiver’s religion

 Non-Christian (RC)

1.00

–

  

1.00

–

 Christian

0.888‡

−0.026

  

0.865*

−0.037

Caregiver’s radio listening habits

 Fewer than once a week (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 At least once a week

0.911

−0.022

0.977

−0.006

1.024

0.006

Caregiver’s TV watching habits

 Fewer than once a week (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 At least once a week

1.348**

0.041

1.227***

0.051

1.034

0.008

Caregiver’s exposure to messages on malaria

 No exposure (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

  

 Low

0.975

−0.006

0.962

−0.009

  

 High

1.447***

0.073

0.899

−0.018

  

Heard messages on malaria

    

0.960

−0.010

Caregiver’s perceived severity of malaria

 Lower (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Higher

0.971

−0.006

0.973

−0.007

0.885**

−0.031

 Caregiver’s perceived susceptibility to malaria

 

–

   

–

 Lower (RC)

1.00

 

1.00

–

1.00

 

 Higher

0.998

−0.000

0.977

− 0.006

0.927‡

0.019

Caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy to prevent malaria

 Lower (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Higher

1.567***

0.061

1.068

0.016

1.034

0.008

Caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy to detect a serious case of malaria

 Lower (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Higher

1.162**

0.033

0.940

−0.014

0.986

−0.003

Caregiver’s perceived response-efficacy of nets

 Lower (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Higher

1.137

0.017

1.060

0.012

0.919*

−0.021

Caregiver’s awareness that fever is a symptom of malaria

 Not aware (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

  

 Aware

0.985

−0.003

1.155***

0.035

  

Caregiver’s awareness that mosquito is the cause of malaria

 Not aware (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

–

1.00

–

 Aware

0.982

−0.003

1.365***

0.048

0.933

−0.010

Caregiver’s perceived self-efficacy to purchase enough nets

 Lower (RC)

1.00

–

1.00

–

  

 Higher

1.344***

0.067

1.200***

0.044

  

Discussed malaria with friends/relations

1.057

0.013

  

0.996

−0.001

Participates in decisions about net allocation

1.343***

0.061

  

0.998

−0.001

Attitudes towards nets

 Negative (RC)

1.00

–

  

1.00

–

 Positive

1.020

0.005

  

0.968

−0.008

Perceived net use as the norm among in community

1.391***

0.069

  

1.024

0.006

Knows where to buy nets

1.284***

0.058

  

1.023

0.005

Willing to pay for nets

1.015

0.003

  

1.045

0.011

Pseudo-R2

17.1%

9.9%

8.6%

Hosmer-Lemeshow GOFd (X2/ p)

15.3/0.08

15.5/0.08

14.9/0.09

Number of Observations

9260

19,345

15,463

  1. Notes: ‡ p < 0.1; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
  2. aFully (XY) standardized beta coefficients
  3. bHousehold size was not normally distributed in Madagascar and Nigeria. The variable was differently categorized in the two countries in a way that helps to ensure model fit
  4. cNumber of nets was not normally distributed in any of the study countries. The variable was differently categorized in the three countries in a way that helps to ensure model fit
  5. dGOF Goodness of Fit