High HIV risk and syndemic burden regardless of referral source among MSM screening for a PrEP demonstration project in Toronto, Canada

Table 2 Regression models exploring the association between referral source (independent variable; provider-referred vs. self-referred) and outcomes of interest (dependent variable)

	Univariable models		Multivariable models
	MOA (95% CI)	p	MOA (95% CI)	p
Outcomes of interest (dependent variable)
Syndemic score^a	IRR = 0.96 (0.66, 1.38)	0.82	aIRR = 1.01 (0.72, 1.41)	0.95
Syndemic score composites^a
Presence of depressive symptoms, last week	OR = 0.75 (0.27, 1.98)	0.67	aOR = 0.74 (0.27, 1.98)	0.67
Presence of alcohol related problem, last year	OR = 0.75 (0.27, 1.98)	0.67	aOR = 0.91 (0.32, 2.58)	0.99
Use of multiple substance, last 3 months	OR = 2.08 (0.75, 5.87)	0.18	aOR = 2.20 (0.78, 6.44)	0.15
Presence of sexual addiction	OR = 0.68(0.23, 1.92)	0.58	aOR = 0.74 (0.24, 2.12)	0.70
HIRI-MSM score^b	β = 2.10 (−1.77, 5.96)	0.29	aβ =2.04 (−1.84, 5.92)	0.30
HIRI-MSM score composites^b
Used poppers, last 3 months	OR = 3.20 (1.14, 9.78)	0.02	aOR = 3.16 (1.08, 10.12)	0.03
Used amphetamine, last 3 months	OR = 0.74 (0.15, 3.05)	0.89	aOR = 0.69 (0.14, 2.87)	0.82
Age (in years)	β = 2.74 (−1.53, 7.02)	0.21	aβ = 2.66 (−1.39, 6.72)	0.20
Total number of male sex partners, last 6 months
≤ 10 male partners	Ref.		Ref.
> 10 male partners	OR = 2.46 (0.74, 9.67)	0.17	aOR = 2.35 (0.72, 9.15)	0.19
Number of receptive CAS male partners, last 6 months
0 times	Ref		Ref
1 or more times	OR = 0.93 (0.31, 2.89)	0.99	aOR = 0.93 (0.31, 2.81)	0.99
Number of HIV-positive male sex partners, last 6 months
< 1 positive partner	Ref		Ref
≥ 1 positive partner	OR = 1.45(0.55, 3.94)	0.55	aOR = 1.43 (0.55, 3.87)	0.56
Number of insertive CAS HIV-positive male partners, last 6 months
0–4 times	Ref		Ref
5 or more times	OR = 2.59 (0.82, 8.61)	0.11	aOR = 2.82 (0.88, 9.55)	0.09

Measure of association (MOA) in each row is derived from a separate regression model and refers to the association between the referral source (independent variable; self-referred = referent category) and outcome of interest (independent variable). An OR or IRR of greater than 1 (or a positive β value) indicates that being provider-referred was positively associated with the outcome of interest. For example, being provider-referred was associated with a lower odds of depressive symptoms (OR = 0.75), but the finding was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.27–1.98). MOA: Measure of Association; CI: Confidence Interval; β: beta coefficient from linear regression; aβ: adjusted beta coefficient from linear regression; IRR: incident rate ratio from Poisson regression; aIRR: adjusted incident rate ratio from Poisson regression; OR: odds ratio from logistic regression; aOR: adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression; HIRI-MSM: HIV Incidence Risk Index for Men who have Sex with Men; CAS: Condomless Anal Sex; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; SCS: Sexual Compulsivity Scale. ^aMultivariables models are controlled for age, race/ethnicity, and education; ^bMultivariables models are controlled for race/ethnicity, and education

ISSN: 1471-2458