Associations of total and type-specific physical activity with mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 2398 participants with COPD recruited from the Healthy Survey of England (1997) and Scottish Health Survey (1998, 2003)

Variable	All participants (n = 2398)	Inactive^d (n = 489)	Insufficiently Active (Low)^e (n = 386)	Insufficiently Active (High)^f (n = 225)	Sufficiently Active^g (n = 1268)	p-value
Mean age, years	62.6 (11.5)	67.9 (11.6)	63.8 (10.9)	62.5 (11.3)	60.1 (11.0)	< 0.001
Men, %	52.1	54.6	47.9	47.1	53.5	0.06
Caucasian, %	98.9	98.8	98.7	99.2	99.0	0.92
FEV₁% predicted^a, %						< 0.001
GOLD I: ≥80% pred.	42.7	26.0	37.8	41.1	49.7
GOLD II: 50% ≥ FEV₁% < 80% pred.	37.5	40.5	41.2	39.0	35.2
GOLD III: 30% ≥ FEV₁% < 50% pred.	14.5	25.2	15.4	15.8	10.6
GOLD IV: FEV₁ < 30% pred.	5.3	8.3	5.6	4.1	4.5
History of CVD^b, %	14.1	28.4	18.7	11.8	7.7	< 0.001
History of cancer, %	5.6	6.1	6.0	5.1	5.4	0.91
History of diabetes^c, %	5.1	10.0	7.3	4.7	2.7	< 0.001
Self-reported longstanding illness, %	62.2	85.5	69.2	61.2	51.3	< 0.001
Self-reported asthma, %	10.1	13.9	10.6	9.8	8.6	0.01
Mean BMI, kg/m²	26.6 (4.7)	27.3 (5.5)	27.1 (4.9)	26.6 (5.0)	26.3 (4.3)	0.001
Smoking status, %						< 0.001
Current	37.2	42.7	38.6	38.6	34.4
Ex	34.9	37.1	33.2	36.2	34.3
Never	27.9	20.2	28.2	25.2	31.3
Aged finished full-time education, %						< 0.001
≤ 14 years	28.7	45.7	32.6	27.1	21.2
15–18 years	59.4	48.2	57.8	61.2	63.8
19 years and older	12.0	6.1	9.6	11.8	15.0
Alcohol consumption, %						< 0.001
Does not drink	13.1	22.5	13.5	11.4	9.6
Less than once per week	26.9	27.4	31.9	30.2	24.6
1–4 times/week	37.4	29.2	35.0	35.7	41.6
≥ 5 times/week	22.6	20.9	19.7	22.7	24.1

Values are means (SD) unless otherwise stated
FEV₁ forced expiratory volume in 1 second, CVD cardiovascular disease, BMI body mass index
^aCOPD severity was classified according to Global Initiative for Lung Disease (GOLD) stages
^bA history of cardiovascular disease was defined as self-reported or doctor-diagnosed angina, heart attack or stroke
^cA history of diabetes was defined as self-reported or doctor-diagnosed diabetes, and glycated haemoglobin (HBa1C) ≥6.5%
^dParticipants who reported no physical activity during the week
^eParticipants who reported < 3.75 MET-hours/week of physical activity
^fParticipants who reported between 3.75 and < 7.5 MET-hours/week of physical activity
^gParticipants who reported ≥7.5 MET-hours/week of physical activity as per current public health recommendations

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