Skip to main content

Table 4 Relationships between variables of cooking oil fume exposure and pulmonary function (absolute FEV1 level and FEV1/FVC (%)) in multiple linear regression models

From: Exposure to cooking oil fumes and chronic bronchitis in nonsmoking women aged 40 years and over: a health-care based study

Variables

  

Adjusted analysis*

 

Adjusted analysis*

 

N

FEV1 (L)

(mean ± SD)

β (SE)

p-value

FEV1/FVC (%)

(mean ± SD)

β (SE)

p-value

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

187

1.57 ± 0.44

1

87.24 ± 13.00

1

 Second-hand smoker

450

1.57 ± 0.47

−0.054 (0.033)

0.108

81.73 ± 15.05

−5.71 (1.27)

< 0.0001

Cooked in the kitchen

 No

39

1.70 ± 0.46

1

88.15 ± 11.97

1

 Yes

598

1.56 ± 0.46

−0.07 (0.06)

0.270

83.03 ± 14.80

−4.84 (2.45)

0.048

Excluding no cook

Age stared cooking

  > 22 years

278

1.58 ± 0.46

1

82.03 ± 14.56

1

  ≤ 22 years

320

1.55 ± 0.45

0.029 (0.032)

0.374

83.90 ± 14.98

1.46 (1.23)

0.235

Meals per week

 1–13

145

1.69 ± 0.47

1

84.98 ± 14.08

1

 14–20

192

1.58 ± 0.43

−0.027 (0.042)

0.525

84.81 ± 12.84

0.15 (1.61)

0.927

 21–31

261

1.47 ± 0.46

−0.065 (0.041)

0.111

80.64 ± 16.19

−3.35 (1.55)

0.031

Fuel used for cooking

 Gas/electric stove

354

1.69 ± 0.44

1

83.46 ± 13.17

1

 Biomass fuels

147

1.38 ± 0.41

−0.036 (0.044)

0.414

82.56 ± 16.19

1.18 (1.70)

0.487

 Coal

96

1.34 ± 0.42

−0.103 (0.048)

0.034

82.06 ± 18.06

0.60 (1.86)

0.746

Windows in the home kitchen

 No

38

1.59 ± 0.57

1

81.68 ± 16.11

1

 ≥ 1

546

1.56 ± 0.45

− 0.122 (0.064)

0.056

83.27 ± 14.75

0.75 (2.46)

0.760

Ventilation in the home kitchen

 Poor

29

1.42 ± 0.51

1

76.28 ± 16.45

1

 Good

566

1.57 ± 0.46

0.103 (0.073)

0.156

83.41 ± 14.67

5.89 (2.77)

0.034

Installed fume extractor

 No

271

1.41 ± 0.42

1

81.91 ± 15.90

1

 Yes

316

1.69 ± 0.45

0.041 (0.037)

0.261

83.89 ± 13.87

0.43 (1.41)

0.759

Eye irritation during cooking

 No

515

1.59 ± 0.45

1

82.92 ± 14.43

1

 Yes

23

1.32 ± 0.62

−0.158 (0.082)

0.055

76.15 ± 22.16

−5.34 (3.12)

0.088

Smokiness during cooking

 No

493

1.59 ± 0.44

1

83.33 ± 13.96

1

 Yes

46

1.41 ± 0.57

−0.137 (0.059)

0.021

75.07 ± 21.08

−7.67 (2.24)

0.001

  1. *Adjusting for age, height, second-hand smoking status, education level, burning incense and tea consumption
  2. Trend test from 1 to 13, 14–20, to 21–31 meals per week in FEV1: p = 0.100; in FEV1/FVE(%): p = 0.016
  3. Trend test from gas/electric stove, biomass fuels, to coal in FEV1: p = 0.037