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Table 3 Relationships between variables of cooking oil fume exposure and the severity of COPD according to GOLD criteria (N = 632)

From: Exposure to cooking oil fumes and chronic bronchitis in nonsmoking women aged 40 years and over: a health-care based study

Variables

No COPD (N = 336)

Mild COPD (N = 223)

Moderate COPD (N = 73)

N (%)

N (%)

COR (95%CI)

AOR (95%CI)*

N (%)

COR (95%CI)

AOR (95%CI)*

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

108 (32.1)

66 (29.6)

1

1

11 (15.1)

1

1

 Second-hand smoker

228 (67.9)

157 (70.4)

1.13 (0.78–1.63)

1.03 (0.70–1.52)

62 (84.9)

2.67 (1.35–5.27)

2.98 (1.47–6.01)

Cooked in the kitchen

 No

24 (7.1)

12 (5.4)

1

1

2 (2.7)

1

1

 Daily

312 (92.9)

211 (94.6)

1.35 (0.66–2.76)

1.07 (0.51–2.27)

71 (97.3)

2.73 (0.63–11.82)

2.04 (0.46–9.18)

Excluding no cook

Age stared cooking

  > 22 years

139 (44.6)

104 (49.3)

1

1

33 (46.5)

1

1

  ≤ 22 years

173 (55.5)

107 (50.7)

0.83 (0.58–1.17)

0.69 (0.47–1.00)

38 (53.5)

0.93 (0.55–1.55)

0.87 (0.49–1.52)

Meals per weeka

 1–13

85 (27.2)

45 (21.3)

1

1

13 (18.3)

1

1

 14–20

100 (32.1)

76 (36.0)

1.44 (0.90–2.29)

1.39 (0.86–2.25)

15 (21.1)

0.98 (0.44–2.18)

0.85 (0.37–1.94)

 21–31

127 (40.7)

90 (42.7)

1.34 (0.85–2.10)

1.23 (0.77–1.98)

43 (60.6)

2.21 (1.12–4.36)

1.63 (0.80–3.33)

Fuel used for cookingb

 Gas/electric stove

194 (62.4)

125 (59.2)

1

1

33 (46.5)

1

1

 Biomass fuels

74 (23.8)

52 (24.6)

1.09 (0.72–1.66)

0.89 (0.54–1.49)

21 (29.6)

1.67 (0.91–3.07)

0.87 (0.41–1.85)

 Coal

43 (13.8)

34 (16.1)

1.23 (0.74–2.03)

1.12 (0.64–1.98)

17 (23.9)

2.32 (1.19–4.55)

1.36 (0.63–2.97)

Windows in the home kitchenc

 No

22 (7.2)

12 (5.9)

1

1

4 (5.7)

1

1

 ≥ 1

285 (92.8)

192 (94.1)

1.24 (0.60–2.56)

1.31 (0.62–2.77)

66 (94.3)

1.27 (0.43–3.82)

1.67 (0.54–5.20)

Ventilation in the home kitchend

 Poor

14 (4.5)

8 (3.8)

1

1

7 (9.9)

1

1

 Good

297 (95.5)

201 (96.2)

1.18 (0.49–2.88)

1.18 (0.48–2.94)

64 (91.0)

0.43 (0.17–1.11)

0.49 (0.19–1.30)

Installed fume extractore

 No

131 (42.7)

99 (48.3)

1

1

39 (54.9)

1

1

 Yes

176 (57.3)

106 (51.7)

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

0.85 (0.55–1.29)

32 (45.1)

0.61 (0.36–1.03)

1.01 (0.55–1.86)

Eye irritation during cookingf

 No

277 (97.5)

174 (93.6)

1

1

60 (93.8)

1

1

 Yes

7 (2.5)

12 (6.5)

2.73 (1.05–7.06)

3.02 (1.14–8.00)

4 (6.3)

2.64 (0.75–9.30)

1.96 (0.54–7.17)

Smokiness during cookingg

 No

267 (93.7)

171 (91.9)

1

1

52 (81.3)

1

1

 Yes

18 (6.3)

15 (8.1)

1.30 (0.64–2.65)

1.22 (0.59–2.53)

12 (18.8)

3.42 (1.56–7.53)

2.89 (1.28–6.55)

  1. AOR adjusted OR, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, COR crude OR, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, OR odds ratio
  2. *Adjusting for age, second hand smoke status, height, education level, burning incense and tea consumption
  3. aMissing data, n = 10 (0,10,0). bMissing data, n = 11 (1,10,0). cMissing data, n = 13 (5,7,1). dMissing data, n = 3 (1,2,0). eMissing data, n = 11 (5,6,0). fMissing data, n = 60 (28,25,7). gMissing data, n = 59 (27,25,7)
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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