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Table 2 PAF and PIF for selected modifiable exposures associated with non-EBF in Nigeria (1999–2013)

From: Population attributable risk of key modifiable risk factors associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria

Risk factors

Cases of non-EBF (a)

PAF% (95% CI)

PIF% (95% CI)

Low and no maternal education

4222

22.8 (9.2–37.0)

0.5 (−7.0; 7.7)

Middle and poor household wealth

4730

24.7 (9.5–39.5)

–

Lower number (1–3) and no antenatal care visits

3368

9.7 (1.7–18.1)

5.4 (−3.0; 13.9)

Home delivery

3987

18.8 (6.9–30.8)

2.8 (−3.6; 8.9)

Delivery assistance from non-health professional (traditional birth attendants and untrained personnel)

4012

16.6 (3.0–31.3)

2.3 (−4.6; 9.2)

Joint PAF and PIF combinations (in descending order)

Cases of non-EBF (a)

Joint PAF% (95%CI)

Joint PIF% (95%CI)

Mat. Edu + H. wealth + ANC + Pl. delivery + Del. assistance

20,319

64.5 (50.5–76.2)

–

Mat. Edu + H. wealth + ANC + Pl. delivery

16,307

57.4 (42.4–70.2)

–

Mat. Edu + ANC + Pl. delivery + Del. assistance

15,589

52.8 (37.4–66.4)

10.5 (−5.4; 24.7)

Mat. Edu + H. wealth + ANC

12,320

47.8 (31.2–61.7)

–

Mat. Edu + H. wealth

8952

41.9 (25.3–56.9)

–

ANC + Pl. delivery + Del. assistance

11,367

38.9 (23.5–53.2)

8.0 (−2.2;17.9)

Maternal education

4222

22.8 (9.1–37.4)

–

  1. (a) Cases of non-EBF estimated from the total sample
  2. PAF: Population attributable fraction; PIF: Potential impact fraction; Potential impact fractions calculated only for exposures where published intervention estimates were available. Mat. Edu: low and no maternal education; H. wealth: middle and poor household wealth; ANC: lower number (1–3) and no antenatal care visits; Pl delivery: home delivery; Del. assistance: delivery assistance from a non-health professional (traditional birth attendants and untrained personnel)