Population attributable risk of key modifiable risk factors associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria

Table 1 Relative risk, exposure prevalence for PAF, PIF and estimated cases of non-EBF due to the exposures in Nigeria, 1999–2013

Exposure		Cases /Total cases	Non-cases (controls)/Total controls	Relative Risk (95% CI)	Exposure Prevalence (a) (95% CI)	Estimated prevalence following intervention (a) (95% CI)
Maternal education	Secondary and above education	1669/5891	597/1087	1.00	54.9 (51.9–57.9)	54.9 (51.9–57.9)
	Primary education	1192/5891	237/1087	1.32 (1.08–1.61)	21.8 (19.4–24.4)	22.9 (20.4–25.5)
	No education	3030/5891	253/1087	1.96 (1.56–2.47)	23.3 (20.8–25.9)	22.2 (19.7–24.8)
Household wealth	Rich	980/5891	336/1087	1.00	32.2 (29.4–35.1)	32.2 (29.4–35.1)
	Middle	2364/5891	462/1087	1.30 (1.07–1.58)	44.2 (41.2–47.3)	44.2 (41.2–47.3)
	Poor	2366/5891	246/1087	1.79 (1.42–2.27)	23.6 (21.0–26.3)	23.6 (21.0–26.3)
Antenatal care visits	4+	2515/5891	711/1087	1.00	65.4 (62.6–68.3)	73.9 (71.2–76.5)
	1–3	846/5891	133/1087	1.11 (0.89–1.39)	12.2 (10.4–14.3)	20.7 (18.3–23.3)
	None	2522/5891	243/1087	1.42 (1.16–1.73)	22.4 (19.9–25.0)	5.3 (4.1–6.8)
Place of delivery	Health facility	1902/5891	649/1087	1.00	59.7 (56.7–62.6)	65.8 (62.9–68.6)
Place of delivery	Home	3987/5891	438/1087	1.59 (1.33–1.90)	40.3 (37.4–43.3)	34.2 (31.4–37.1)
Delivery assistance	Health professionals	1876/5891	630/1087	1.00	58.0 (55.0–60.9)	64.2 (61.3–67.1)
	Traditional birth attendants	1325/5891	114/1087	1.95 (1.42–2.67)	10.4 (8.7–12.5)	8.9 (7.3–10.8)
	Untrained personnel	2687/5891	344/1087	1.32 (1.03–1.69)	31.6 (28.9–34.5)	27.0 (24.3–29.7)

Cases: cases of non-EBF; non-cases (control): cases of EBF
(a) Proportion is percent of exposed non-cases, an estimate of the exposure in the population. That is, non-cases as a proportion of total non-cases
PAF: Population attributable fraction; PIF: Potential impact fraction
For the calculation of the PIF: assumption of continued improvements in high-school completion rates in women [39] was made; impact fractions for maternal education were estimated assuming a 5% relative decrease in the proportion of women not completing high school from 23% to 22%. For antenatal visits, impact fractions were estimated assuming a reduction of 17% in women having no antenatal care (from 22% to 5%) [31, 32]. For delivery assistance and place of delivery, impact fractions were estimated assuming a relative reduction of 15% based on community-based interventions to improve exclusive breastfeeding practice [31]. No alternative scenario was defined for household wealth because of a lack of data relating to interventions resulting in income re-distribution

ISSN: 1471-2458