Maternal characteristics | |
Maternal age, years, mean (range) | 25.4 (18.4–38.8) |
Maternal education, n (%) (n = 49) | |
None | 13 (27) |
Completed elementary school | 13 (27) |
Completed middle school | 7 (14) |
Completed high school | 16 (32) |
Principal source of income in the home | |
Tenant farmers/works the land of others | 25 (50) |
Employee in public/private sector | 13 (26) |
Construction | 4 (8) |
Small business owner | 3 (6) |
Cultivates own land; weaves; sells animals | 3 (6) |
Maternal ethnicity, n (%) | |
Mam-speaking, or indigenous | 42 (86) |
Spanish-speaking, or ladino | 3 (6) |
Both | 4 (8) |
First pregnancy, n (%) | 7 (14) |
Prior pregnancies, mean (range) | 3.4 (2–10) |
Gestational age at baseline, weeks (mean, range) | 13.1 (6.7–19.7) |
Household characteristics | |
Socioeconomic status | |
Crowdinga, mean (range)) | 4.9 (1.3–12) |
Economic supportb, mean (range) | 2.3 (1–6) |
Dependency ratioc, mean (range) | 3.8 (1.4–10) |
Access to latrine, n (%) | 49 (98) |
Main water source during dry season, n (%) | |
Piped water to home | 33 (66) |
Well water | 9 (18) |
Natural well (spring) | 8 (16) |
Main house structure materials, n (%) | |
Roof | |
Aluminum | 44 (88) |
Tile/Cement | 6 (12) |
Walls | |
Adobe | 29 (58) |
Cinderblock/brick | 16 (32) |
Wood/Other | 7 (14) |
Floor | |
Cement | 28 (56) |
Dirt | 21 (42) |
Tile | 1 (2) |
Exposure to air pollution | |
Primary lighting source, n (%) | |
Candles | 2 (4) |
Electricity | 48 (96) |
Primary heating source, n (%) | |
None | 43 (86) |
Open fire | 2 (4) |
Wood chimney stove | 5 (10) |
Primary stove type | |
Open fire | 10 (20) |
Plancha stove (no chimney or deteriorated) | 40 (80) |
Stove qualityd | |
Fair | 4 (8) |
Moderate | 35 (70) |
Poor | 11 (22) |
Cooking fuel type, n (%) | |
Wood only | 7 (14) |
Wood and crop residue | 22 (44) |
Wood and plastic | 2 (4) |
Wood, crop residue and plastic | 19 (38) |
Traditional steam bath | |
Usage per week, median minutes (IQR) | 60 (30, 67) |
Symptoms associated to cooking, n (%) | |
Eyes irritated | 42 (84) |
Throat irritated/Causes coughing | 35 (70) |
Headache | 30 (60) |
Household decision-making | |
Large purchase items | |
Participant | 2 (4) |
Spouse | 22 (44) |
Both participant and spouse together | 8 (16) |
In-laws | 12 (24) |
Other family member | 6 (12) |
Small daily purchases | |
Participant | 6 (12) |
Spouse | 7 (14) |
Both participant and spouse together | 19 (38) |
In-laws | 12 (24) |
Other family member | 6 (12) |
Visiting relatives | |
Participant | 5 (10) |
Spouse only | 17 (34) |
Both participant and spouse together | 23 (46) |
In-laws | 4 (8) |
Other family members | 1 (2) |