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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants by gender

From: Education and indoor smoking among parents who smoke: the mediating role of perceived social norms of smoking

 

Fathers who smoked (n = 822)

Mothers who smoked (n = 823)

 

Working fathers who smoked (n = 805)

Working mothers who smoked (n = 385)

 
 

Mean (n)

SD (%)

Mean (n)

SD (%)

p-value a)

Mean (n)

SD (%)

Mean (n)

SD (%)

p-value a)

Socio-economic status

 Years of education

14.5

2.1

12.8

2.1

< 0.001*

14.5

2.0

13.1

2.1

< 0.001*

 Employment status

    

< 0.001*

     

  Unemployed

17

2.1

438

53.2

      

  Employed

805

97.9

385

46.8

      

Possible mediating variables

 Perceived descriptive norms

3.8

1.8

4.1

2.1

0.005*

3.8

1.8

3.9

2.1

0.625*

 Perceived subjective norms

3.2

0.7

3.3

0.9

0.038*

3.2

0.7

3.2

0.8

0.993*

 Household members smoke indoors

  No or not living with an adult

646

78.6

286

34.8

< 0.001*

632

78.5

138

35.8

< 0.001*

  One member smokes

122

14.8

370

45.0

 

119

14.8

175

45.5

 

  More than two members smoke

54

6.6

167

20.3

 

54

6.7

72

18.7

 

 Worksite smoking ban

  No smoking ban or no worksite

     

138

17.1

89

23.1

0.014*

  Partial or complete smoking ban

     

667

82.9

296

76.9

 

Socio-demographic status

 Age (years)

38.9

6.8

31.5

6.0

< 0.001*

38.9

6.8

32.2

6.1

< 0.001*

 Age of the youngest child (years)

3.1

2.0

2.5

2.0

< 0.001*

3.1

2.0

2.9

1.9

0.168*

 Marital status

  Unmarried

16

2.0

53

6.4

< 0.001*

14

1.7

40

10.4

< 0.001*

  Married

806

98.1

770

93.6

 

791

98.3

345

96.6

 

 Smokes indoors

  No

527

64.1

296

36.0

< 0.001*

518

64.4

151

39.2

< 0.001*

  Yes

295

35.9

527

64.0

 

287

35.7

234

60.8

 
  1. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. ap-value is based on t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables between fathers and mothers