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Table 2 Quality assessment of active school transportation interventions

From: Effectiveness of active school transport interventions: a systematic review and update

Lead author (year)

Selection bias

Study design

Control for confounders

Blinding

Data collection

Withdrawals and dropouts

Global rating

Global rating without blinding

Buckley (2013) [fall event]

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Buckley (2013) [spring event]

Weak

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Buliung (2011)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Bungum (2014)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Christiansen (2014)

Strong

Strong

Strong

Weak

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Coombes (2016)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Crawford (2013) [pilot]

Weak

Strong

Strong

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Crawford (2013) [program]

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Ducheyne (2014)

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Moderate

Goodman (2016)

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Gutierrez (2014)

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Moderate

Henderson (2013)

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Hinckson (2011a)

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Moderate

Hinckson (2011b)

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Moderate

Hoelscher (2016)

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Strong

Strong

Moderate

Strong

Hunter (2015)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Johnson (2016) [Bikeability]

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

N/A

Weak

Weak

Johnson (2016) [CensusAtSchool]

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

N/A

Weak

Weak

Mammen (2014a)

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

N/A

Weak

Weak

Mammen (2014b)

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

Weak

McDonald (2013)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

McDonald (2014)

Weak

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

McMinn (2012)

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Strong

Strong

Weak

Moderate

Mendoza (2011)

Moderate

Strong

Strong

Weak

Strong

Strong

Moderate

Strong

Østergaard (2015)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Sayers (2012)

Weak

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Strong

N/A

Weak

Moderate

Stewart (2014)

Moderate

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Vanwolleghem (2014)

Weak

Moderate

Weak

Weak

Strong

Strong

Weak

Weak

Villa-Gonzalez (2016)

Moderate

Moderate

Strong

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Weak

Xu (2015)

Weak

Strong

Strong

Weak

Weak

Strong

Weak

Weak

  1. Quality assessment was conducted with a modified version of the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool for quantitative studies (EPHPP, 2003), which is provided in Additional file 1. Following EPHPP guidelines, studies with no weak ratings are rated “strong”, studies with one weak rating are rated “moderate” and studies with more than one weak rating are rated “weak”. Considering that blinding of participants may not be feasible in the context of AST interventions, global ratings with and without the blinding component of the EPHPP are presented