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Table 4 Hazard ratios (HRs)a with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disability pension, sickness absence and unemployment and region of birthb,c

From: Labour-market marginalisation after mental disorders among young natives and immigrants living in Sweden

 

Region of birth

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analyses

 

Model 1d

Model 2e

HR (95% CI)

Disability pension

 No mental disorders

Sweden

1

1

1

 

Western countries

1.25 (1.19–1.31)

1.15 (1.09–1.21)

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

 Nordic countries

1.17 (1.05–1.31)

1.04 (0.93–1.15)

0.80 (0.72–0.90)

 EU

0.82 (0.74–0.92)

0.86 (0.77–0.96)

0.60 (0.53–0.66)

 Europe outside EU

1.61 (1.51–1.71)

1.37 (1.29–1.46)

0.95 (0.89–1.01)

 North America/Oceania

0.70 (0.55–0.88)

0.75 (0.59–0.95)

0.49 (0.38–0.61)

Non-Western countries

1.28 (1.22–1.34)

1.07 (1.02–1.12)

0.65 (0.62–0.68)

 South America

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

0.99 (0.87–1.13)

0.76 (0.67–0.86)

 Asia

1.37 (1.30–1.44)

1.14 (1.08–1.21)

0.68 (0.65–0.72)

 Africa

1.07 (0.96–1.21)

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

0.47 (0.42–0.53)

 Mental disorders

Sweden

12.08 (11.75–12.42)

9.32 (9.05–9.59)

6.55 (6.36–6.75)

 

Western countries

12.24 (11.29–13.28)

8.42 (7.76–9.14)

4.80 (4.42–5.22)

 Nordic countries

14.04 (11.84–16.66)

9.11 (7.68–10.81)

5.47 (4.61–6.49)

 EU

11.53 (9.70–13.71)

8.92 (7.50–10.61)

5.25 (4.41–6.25)

 Europe outside EU

12.26 (10.96–13.71)

8.00 (7.14–8.97)

4.40 (3.93–4.94)

 North America/Oceania

9.53 (6.62–13.71)

7.91 (5.50–11.39)

4.77 (3.31–6.86)

Non-Western countries

11.97 (11.14–12.87)

8.57 (7.97–9.22)

4.76 (4.42–5.13)

 South America

10.86 (9.01–13.1)

8.13 (6.73–9.80)

5.33 (4.42–6.43)

 Asia

11.81 (10.84–12.87)

8.58 (7.87–9.35)

4.64 (4.25–5.06)

 Africa

13.93 (11.68–16.61)

8.90 (7.46–10.62)

4.80 (4.02–5.73)

Long-term sickness absence

 No mental disorders

Sweden

1

1

1

 

Western countries

1.12 (1.10–1.15)

1.07 (1.05–1.10)

1.15 (1.12–1.18)

 Nordic countries

1.08 (1.02–1.14)

1.05 (1.00–1.11)

1.08 (1.02–1.14)

 EU

0.80 (0.76–0.84)

0.87 (0.82–0.91)

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

 Europe outside EU

1.43 (1.39–1.48)

1.22 (1.18–1.26)

1.30 (1.26–1.34)

 North America/Oceania

0.62 (0.56–0.70)

0.72 (0.64–0.81)

0.82 (0.73–0.92)

Non-Western countries

1.09 (1.07–1.12)

0.94 (0.92–0.97)

1.07 (1.05–1.10)

 South America

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

1.06 (1.00–1.13)

 Asia

1.13 (1.11–1.16)

0.97 (0.95–1.00)

1.11 (1.08–1.14)

 Africa

0.96 (0.91–1.02)

0.79 (0.74–0.83)

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

 Mental disorders

Sweden

3.80 (3.72–3.88)

3.28 (3.21–3.36)

2.11 (2.07–2.16)

 

Western countries

3.31 (3.07–3.57)

2.52 (2.34–2.72)

1.93 (1.79–2.08)

 Nordic countries

3.71 (3.16–4.36)

2.84 (2.42–3.34)

1.85 (1.57–2.17)

 EU

3.27 (2.80–3.83)

2.73 (2.34–3.20)

2.06 (1.76–2.41)

 Europe outside EU

3.34 (3.01–3.70)

2.39 (2.16–2.66)

1.96 (1.77–2.18)

 North America/Oceania

2.12 (1.47–3.05)

1.89 (1.32–2.73)

1.46 (1.01–2.10)

Non-Western countries

2.80 (2.61–3.00)

2.20 (2.05–2.36)

1.85 (1.73–1.99)

 South America

2.88 (2.42–3.44)

2.39 (2.00–2.84)

1.85 (1.55–2.20)

 Asia

2.89 (2.66–3.13)

2.27 (2.09–2.46)

1.92 (1.77–2.08)

 Africa

2.27 (1.85–2.79)

1.72 (1.40–2.11)

1.54 (1.25–1.89)

Long-term unemployment

 No mental disorders

Sweden

1

1

1

 

Western countries

2.03 (2.01–2.06)

2.09 (2.06–2.12)

1.60 (1.58–1.63)

 Nordic countries

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

1.08 (1.04–1.12)

0.93 (0.89–0.97)

 EU

1.49 (1.45–1.53)

1.66 (1.62–1.71)

1.33 (1.30–1.37)

 Europe outside EU

2.94 (2.89–2.99)

2.82 (2.77–2.87)

2.03 (2.00–2.07)

 North America/Oceania

1.50 (1.41–1.58)

1.68 (1.59–1.78)

1.26 (1.19–1.33)

Non-Western countries

3.04 (3.01–3.08)

2.87 (2.84–2.91)

2.01 (1.98–2.03)

 South America

2.42 (2.34–2.49)

2.32 (2.25–2.39)

1.75 (1.69–1.80)

 Asia

3.08 (3.04–3.12)

2.94 (2.90–2.98)

2.05 (2.02–2.07)

 Africa

3.44 (3.35–3.52)

3.10 (3.03–3.18)

2.10 (2.05-2.15)

 Mental disorders

Sweden

2.41 (2.36–2.46)

1.95 (1.92–1.99)

1.37 (1.34–1.39)

 

Western countries

3.65 (3.45–3.85)

2.96 (2.80–3.12)

1.80 (1.71–1.90)

 Nordic countries

2.65 (2.31–3.05)

2.08 (1.81–2.39)

1.39 (1.21–1.59)

 EU

3.24 (2.88–3.64)

2.77 (2.47–3.12)

1.72 (1.53–1.94)

 Europe outside EU

4.27 (3.99–4.59)

3.43 (3.20–3.68)

2.00 (1.87–2.15)

 North America/Oceania

3.44 (2.76–4.28)

3.04 (2.44–3.79)

1.81 (1.45–2.25)

Non-Western countries

4.19 (4.01–4.38)

3.34 (3.20–3.49)

2.00 (1.91–2.09)

 South America

3.77 (3.35–4.23)

2.92 (2.60–3.28)

1.79 (1.59–2.01)

 Asia

4.24 (4.02–4.46)

3.46 (3.28–3.64)

2.09 (1.98–2.2)

 Africa

4.46 (3.97–5.01)

3.38 (3.01–3.79)

1.91 (1.70–2.15)

  1. aAll analyses were conducted by Cox regression with both fixed and time dependent covariates and competing risks
  2. bAll individuals were 20–35 years, and resident in Sweden at 31st of December 2004 (N = 1,753,544)
  3. CWestern countries (a. Nordic countries except Sweden, b. EU, except Sweden, Finland and Denmark, c. Europe outside EU and Nordic countries and d. North America and Oceania); non-Western countries (a. Africa, b. Asia and c. South-America)
  4. dModel 1: Age, sex, educational level, family composition, type of living area
  5. eModel 2: Outcome disability pension; Model 1 + somatic disorder 2004–2010, labour market attachment in 2004, ≥180 days of unemployment annually 2004–2010. Outcome long-term sickness absence; Model 1 + somatic disorder 2004–2010, labour market attachment in 2004, ≥180 days of unemployment annually 2004–2010, sickness absence 2004 (0, 1–89, ≥90 days) Outcome long-term unemployment; Model 1 + somatic disorder 2004–2010, labour market attachment in 2004, ≥90 days of sickness absence annually 2004–2010, unemployment 2004 (0, 1–179, ≥180 days)
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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