Table 1 Individual regression modelsa for all potential correlates of screen time and sedentary time for boys and girls
From: Do the correlates of screen time and sedentary time differ in preschool children?
Variable | Screen time mins/day | Sedentary time mins/day | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 504) | Girls (n = 433) | Boys (n = 394) | Girls (n = 323) | |||||
% or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b | β (95% CI) | |
Individual level | ||||||||
Demographic and family profile | ||||||||
Child disability/poor health | 10.3% | 4.57 (−17.79, 26.93) | 5.6% | 39.18 (−4.82, 83.18) | 9.9% | −10.93 (−21.99, 0.12) | 5.6% | 14.38 (0.64, 28.13) |
Child’s birth parents live together | 86.9% | −5.90 (−30.42, 18.63) | 89.3% | −10.91 (−40.22, 18.40) | 88.1% | 9.71 (−0.63, 20.05) | 90.0% | −1.60 (−14.50, 11.30) |
Child sleep duration (hours) | 11.1 (1.1) | −13.96 (−22.40, −5.52) | 11.0 (1.1) | −10.24 (−16.91, −3.57) | 11.1 (1.0) | −7.09 (−11.35, −2.82) | 11.0 (1.1) | −6.52 (−9.20, −3.84) |
Child has siblings | 84.9% | −0.98 (−17.83, 15.88) | 82.3% | −8.30 (−24.40, 7.81) | 86.6% | −4.63 (−16.17, 6.91) | 83.5% | 1.79 (−9.37, 12.96) |
Child BMI categoryc | ||||||||
 Underweight/healthy weight (ref) | 82.5% | 0 | 80.8% | 0 | 83.3% | 0 | 80.0% | 0 |
 Overweight/obese | 17.5% | 2.64 (−14.22, 19.51) | 19.2% | 2.19 (−14.84, 19.21) | 16.7% | −1.30 (−12.00, 10.02) | 20.0% | 6.94 (−3.84, 17.72) |
Maternal age (years) | 37.1 (5.3) | −0.13 (−1.65, 1.40) | 37.1 (5.1) | −1.22 (−2.53, 0.09) | 37.0 (5.1) | 0.57 (−0.06, 1.21) | 37.1 (5.2) | −0.30 (−1.07, 0.48) |
Mother born in Australia | 70.1% | −17.00 (−32.69, −1.32) | 68.1% | −26.60 (−42.88, −10.32) | 72.6% | −7.75 (−16.18, 0.69) | 68.1% | −0.61 (−8.89, 7.67) |
Maternal BMI categoryd | ||||||||
 Healthy weight (ref) | 62.1% | 0 | 60.9% | 0 | 62.1% | 0 | 62.8% | 0 |
 Overweight | 22.7% | 11.13 (−1.70, 23.96) | 21.8% | 7.28 (−8.60, 23.16) | 23.4% | 5.69 (−2.98, 14.37) | 19.2% | 9.99 (0.51, 19.47) |
 Obese | 15.2% | 17.04 (−8.42, 42.49) | 17.3% | 26.78 (7.91, 45.65) | 14.6% | −8.80 (−18.27, 0.68) | 18.0% | 7.98 (−1.32, 17.28) |
Mother in paid employmente | 55.3% | −6.29 (−20.24, 7.66) | 52.5% | −9.49 (−22.72, 3.74) | 55.5% | 5.63 (−2.12, 13.38) | 50.8% | 3.91 (−2.83, 10.65) |
Maternal disability/poor health | 3.4% | 7.72 (−28.30, 43.75) | 4.4% | 33.04 (−3.77, 69.86) | 2.5% | −17.05 (−35.42, 1.32) | 4.6% | 19.32 (5.72, 32.92) |
Maternal education | ||||||||
Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | 10.6% | 0 | 11.2% | 0 | 9.9% | 0 | 11.2% | 0 |
Year 12/trade/diploma | 31.7% | −6.72 (−34.83, 21.38) | 36.3% | −10.37 (−34.49, 13.75) | 31.0% | −7.21 (−21.03, 6.61) | 34.7% | 6.71 (−9.16, 22.57) |
University degree/post-graduate | 57.7% | −17.11 (−45.00, 10.78) | 52.6% | −34.98 (−57.46, −12.49) | 59.0% | −1.83 (−13.93, 10.28) | 54.2% | −6.23 (−18.96, 6.49) |
Low income status (health care/pension card) | 20.4% | 13.72 (−4.88, 32.33) | 18.1% | 23.91 (3.92, 43.90) | 17.7% | −4.05 (−14.67, 6.57) | 17.7% | 4.40 (−5.70, 14.5) |
Paternal age (years) | 39.1 (5.7) | −0.65 (−1.74, 0.43) | 39.2 (5.5) | −0.58 (−1.99, 0.83) | 38.9 (5.5) | 0.85 (0.21, 1.50) | 39.0 (5.3) | −0.27 (−1.14, 0.59) |
Father born in Australia | 68.3% | −8.24 (−22.90, 6.42) | 66.9% | −19.14 (−35.97, −2.32) | 71.3% | −6.46 (−15.31, 2.39) | 69.5% | −2.25 (−11.36, 6.86) |
Paternal BMI categoryd | ||||||||
 Healthy weight (ref) | 38.6% | 0 | 34.0% | 0 | 36.7% | 0 | 36.5% | 0 |
 Overweight | 45.2% | 1.91 (−11.26, 15.08) | 48.7% | 4.62 (−11.62, 20.87) | 46.9% | −0.38 (−9.41, 8.66) | 47.0% | −3.47 (−11.23, 4.28) |
 Obese | 16.2% | 18.84 (2.21, 35.48) | 17.3% | 18.97 (−2.31, 40.24) | 16.3% | 8.57 (−2.73, 19.86) | 16.5% | 6.99 (−4.81, 18.80) |
Father in paid employmente | 88.9% | 10.16 (−7.81, 28.13) | 90.8% | −16.27 (−42.18, 9.64) | 89.7% | 1.96 (−11.21, 15.12) | 90.9% | −10.51 (−27.72, 6.71) |
Paternal disability/poor health | 4.9% | 32.13 (−6.56, 70.83) | 4.4% | 38.40 (−10.43, 87.23) | 4.5% | 14.39 (−3.29, 32.08) | 4.8% | 4.17 (−9.92, 18.26) |
Paternal education | ||||||||
Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | 9.6% | 0 | 9.5% | 0 | 9.9% | 0 | 7.8% | 0 |
Year 12/trade/diploma | 39.9% | −8.63 (−29.07, 11.82) | 42.4% | 0.26 (−25.22, 25.74) | 39.2% | −4.91 (−16.47, 6.65) | 41.8% | −8.10 (−26.21, 10.01) |
University degree/post-graduate | 50.5% | −14.67 (−33.75, 4.42) | 48.1% | −28.92 (−52.31, −5.53) | 51.0% | 0.95 (−9.83, 11.73) | 50.3% | −9.01 (−25.08, 7.06) |
Child PA and SB | ||||||||
Usual frequency of active transport per week (e.g., ride a bike to kinder) | 4.6 (3.9) | −0.22 (−1.79, 1.35) | 4.3 (4.1) | −3.01 (−4.53, −1.49) | 4.4 (3.6) | −0.73 (−1.65, 0.19) | 4.2 (3.9) | −0.10 (−1.28, 1.07) |
Usual frequency of non-organised activities per week (e.g., play in the backyard) | 22.7 (9.8) | −0.51 (−1.20, 0.19) | 22.8 (10.4) | −0.35 (−0.80, 0.09) | 22.3 (9.7) | −0.28 (−0.65, 0.09) | 22.3 (10.4) | −0.18 (−0.56, 0.19) |
Number of organised activities per week (e.g., swimming, tennis) | 0.9 (0.8) | −3.75 (−12.14, 4.63) | 1.2 (0.8) | −17.67 (−25.95, −9.39) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.93 (−3.81, 5.67) | 1.2 (0.8) | −3.29 (−7.79, 1.21) |
Child attends playgroupf | 24.3% | 4.98 (−8.96, 18.92) | 20.8% | 1.52 (−16.25, 19.30) | 24.1% | 0.27 (−7.36, 7.90) | 20.1% | −3.88 (−11.64, 3.88) |
Average outdoor play time hours/day (week and weekend day) | 4.3 (2.7) | 0.11 (−2.60, 2.82) | 3.8 (2.5) | 1.18 (−1.27, 3.63) | 4.2 (2.6) | −0.27 (−1.77, 1.24) | 3.7 (2.5) | −0.75 (−2.33, 0.83) |
Child personality, preferences and constraints | ||||||||
Child active co-participation preferences (e.g., active by him/herself, active with his/her friends) | 1.8 (1.5) | 0.42 (−2.82, 3.65) | 1.6 (1.4) | −0.78 (−5.74, 4.19) | 1.8 (1.5) | −0.59 (−3.43, 2.25) | 1.5 (1.4) | −1.92 (−4.60, 0.77) |
Child is active for longer with someone else | 79.2% | −20.57 (−40.06, −1.08) | 78.3% | 14.43 (−2.48, 31.34) | 78.9% | −6.32 (−16.18, 3.55) | 78.5% | −1.70 (−11.41, 8.00) |
Child is competitive with other children when being active | 66.2% | 11.48 (−1.00, 23.96) | 51.9% | −1.21 (−14.28, 11.86) | 66.9% | 2.75 (−3.41, 8.90) | 51.3% | 0.33 (−7.44, 8.09) |
Child prosocial PA behaviour (e.g., asks for opportunities to be active) | 12.8 (2.8) | 0.29 (−2.17, 2.76) | 12.6 (2.9) | −0.43 (−2.58, 1.73) | 12.8 (2.7) | −0.24 (−1.40, 0.92) | 12.5 (2.8) | −0.01 (−1.60, 1.58) |
Child preferences for SB (e.g., more likely to watch TV than be active) | 4.1 (1.6) | 10.07 (5.98, 14.16) | 4.4 (1.4) | 14.51 (9.71, 19.32) | 4.1 (1.6) | 0.89 (−1.42, 3.20) | 4.5 (1.4) | 1.08 (−2.37, 4.53) |
Child constraints to PA (e.g., too tired to do more PA) | −12.1 (4.5) | 1.60 (0.11, 3.09) | −11.9 (4.4) | 1.28 (−0.07, 2.63) | −12.2 (4.4) | −0.48 (−1.21, 0.25) | −11.8 (4.5) | −0.33 (−1.12, 0.46) |
Social level | ||||||||
Parental influence | ||||||||
Parental concerns about child’s PA/SB | -3.9 (3.3) | 4.59 (2.51, 6.66) | −4.4 (3.1) | 7.47 (4.90, 10.04) | −3.8 (3.3) | 0.57 (−0.44, 1.57) | −4.3 (3.0) | 0.59 (−0.69, 1.87) |
Parental constraints to child’s PA | 6.9 (3.1) | 2.87 (0.36, 5.38) | 6.7 (3.2) | 5.05 (3.19, 6.92) | 6.9 (3.0) | 0.14 (−1.01, 1.28) | 6.8 (3.1) | 0.94 (−0.19, 2.07) |
Parent likes to participate in outdoor play | 73.5% | 4.70 (−8.72, 18.12) | 70.8% | 7.03 (−7.35, 21.41) | 73.0% | 3.65 (−3.37, 10.67) | 70.0% | −5.31 (−13.37, 2.75) |
Parent prefers to be social with other parents | 36.7% | −5.65 (−17.2, 5.90) | 39.1% | 11.65 (−1.77, 25.07) | 35.6% | −0.68 (−7.52, 6.15) | 36.8% | −2.02 (−10.21, 6.16) |
Parent gets bored watching child playing in outdoor spaces | 11.8% | −22.01 (−36.87, −7.15) | 12.5% | 5.81 (−18.58, 30.19) | 11.5% | −0.71 (−8.44, 7.02) | 12.7% | −7.79 (−18.44, 2.86) |
Parent likes child to do activities of older children | 24.0% | −10.26 (−24.05, 3.52) | 22.5% | 12.73 (−2.27, 27.73) | 24.7% | 1.18 (−6.7, 9.07) | 22.0% | 6.29 (−2.93, 15.50) |
Parent likes child to do activities they did as a child | 34.3% | 5.27 (−9.72, 20.26) | 33.0% | 1.79 (−12.19, 15.76) | 34.4% | −0.71 (−7.41, 5.99) | 34.1% | −0.01 (−8.59, 8.58) |
Parent gets bored going to the same place | 12.8% | 5.71 (−21.47, 32.88) | 10.9% | 7.73 (−17.83, 33.29) | 10.7% | −0.83 (−10.72, 9.06) | 11.2% | −6.60 (−16.29, 3.09) |
Parent believes it’s important to be active as a family | 90.8% | −26.67 (−48.93, −4.42) | 86.9% | −14.56 (−34.31, 5.19) | 90.6% | −0.22 (−12.23, 11.80) | 86.8% | −6.87 (−19.39, 5.65) |
Parental self-efficacy to support PA | 5.9 (1.7) | −3.62 (−7.02, −0.23) | 5.9 (1.8) | −8.07 (−11.75, −4.38) | 5.9 (1.7) | 0.06 (−2.00, 2.12) | 5.8 (1.8) | −0.54 (−2.60, 1.53) |
Parental self-efficacy to limit screen time | 8.7 (2.3) | −9.15 (−11.68, −6.62) | 8.9 (2.5) | −8.25 (−10.98, −5.52) | 8.8 (2.3) | −0.20 (−1.86, 1.46) | 9.0 (2.4) | −0.89 (−2.43, 0.66) |
Parental health knowledge/beliefs of child’s PA | 1.5 (2.2) | −4.19 (−8.74, 0.36) | 1.3 (2.2) | −5.65 (−8.87, −2.44) | 1.6 (2.1) | −0.08 (−1.72, 1.56) | 1.3 (2.2) | 0.46 (−1.31, 2.23) |
Rules and boundaries | ||||||||
Parental rules to limit screen time | 2.1 (1.6) | −11.40 (−16.32, −6.48) | 2.2 (1.5) | −14.20 (−18.24, −10.16) | 2.2 (1.6) | −0.64 (−2.65, 1.37) | 2.2 (1.5) | −1.90 (−4.46, 0.66) |
Parental rules about games inside (e.g., no throwing balls inside) | −0.2 (2.1) | 1.13 (−2.50, 4.76) | −0.2 (2.1) | 1.13 (−2.50, 4.76) | −0.2 (2.1) | −0.16 (−1.90, 1.58) | −0.1 (2.1) | 1.16 (−0.73, 3.05) |
Parental rules about PA for stranger danger, traffic, injury | 2.3 (1.5) | −1.23 (−6.15, 3.70) | 2.3 (1.6) | 1.27 (−2.65, 5.19) | 2.3 (1.5) | −1.73 (−4.17, 0.71) | 2.3 (1.5) | −0.31 (−3.17, 2.54) |
Parent allows child to play freely in backyard/street | −0.1 (1.2) | −6.29 (−13.74, 1.16) | −0.1 (1.2) | −7.11 (−12.49, −1.73) | −0.1 (1.1) | −2.67 (−6.09, 0.75) | −0.04 (1.2) | −0.97 (−3.99, 2.05) |
Parent switches off screen entertainment | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.19 (−0.62, 7.00) | 2.6 (1.3) | 3.26 (−1.76, 8.28) | 2.7 (1.4) | −0.27 (−2.80, 2.26) | 2.7 (1.3) | −0.83 (−3.35, 1.69) |
Social interaction and support | ||||||||
Child is active at social gatherings | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.26 (−1.42, 11.95) | 6.0 (1.2) | 1.05 (−5.88, 7.97) | 6.0 (1.0) | −0.54 (−5.45, 4.37) | 5.9 (1.2) | −1.86 (−4.50, 0.77) |
Maternal PA emotional support for child | 5.5 (2.1) | 4.32 (1.74, 6.90) | 5.4 (2.1) | 1.20 (−1.84, 4.24) | 5.5 (2.1) | −1.75 (−3.46, −0.04) | 5.4 (2.1) | −0.92 (−2.55, 0.71) |
Paternal PA emotional support for child | 4.7 (2.4) | 4.29 (1.89, 6.70) | 4.6 (2.4) | 1.86 (−0.95, 4.66) | 4.7 (2.4) | −1.25 (−2.77, 0.28) | 4.6 (2.4) | −0.73 (−2.43, 0.97) |
Modelling of PA | ||||||||
Maternal time in PA (hours/week) | 5.4 (4.2) | −0.01 (−1.72, 1.69) | 5.0 (4.0) | −1.28 (−3.01, 0.45) | 5.3 (4.0) | −0.17 (−0.79, 0.45) | 4.9 (3.9) | 0.46 (−0.54, 1.45) |
Paternal time in PA (hours/week) | 5.4 (4.7) | 0.24 (−0.93, 1.40) | 5.2 (4.6) | −2.12 (−3.65, −0.59) | 5.0 (4.3) | −0.47 (−1.17, 0.22) | 5.2 (4.5) | 0.35 (−0.53, 1.23) |
Maternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 8.6 (6.8) | 3.87 (1.81, 5.93) | 9.0 (6.5) | 2.62 (1.56, 3.68) | 8.6 (6.1) | −0.14 (−0.74, 0.46) | 9.2 (6.6) | 0.10 (−0.46, 0.66) |
Paternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 9.6 (6.6) | 1.91 (0.96, 2.85) | 9.8 (7.0) | 2.26 (1.23, 3.29) | 9.8 (6.4) | 0.16 (−0.39, 0.71) | 9.6 (6.9) | −0.01 (−0.48, 0.46) |
Maternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | 3.2 (2.0) | −0.63 (−4.49, 3.23) | 3.0 (2.0) | −3.67 (−6.97, −0.38) | 3.3 (2.0) | −0.29 (−1.94, 1.35) | 3.0 (2.0) | −1.03 (−3.27, 1.22) |
Paternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | 2.8 (2.0) | −1.82 (−4.88, 1.24) | 2.6 (2.0) | −4.68 (−7.73, −1.63) | 2.8 (1.9) | −0.21 (−2.01, 1.60) | 2.7 (2.0) | −0.28 (−2.26, 1.69) |
Physical environment level | ||||||||
Dog ownership | 32.3% | 3.35 (−9.64, 16.34) | 32.2% | −1.44 (−14.89, 12.00) | 32.1% | 0.90 (−6.43, 8.22) | 31.2% | 4.94 (−2.91, 12.79) |
Number of pieces of toys/equipment to be physically active with at home (e.g., swings, slide) | 13.3 (3.5) | −1.62 (−3.25, 0.001) | 13.1 (3.7) | −2.37 (−4.15, −0.60) | 13.4 (3.5) | −0.12 (−1.17, 0.93) | 13.1 (3.7) | −0.69 (−1.89, 0.52) |
Lives on medium/large block | 86.1% | 1.16 (−14.99, 17.30) | 85.2% | −8.11 (−26.65, 10.43) | 86.1% | −1.06 (−12.25, 10.13) | 84.5% | −6.63 (−18.48, 5.21) |
Number of features at home (e.g., front fence, covered outdoor areas) | 1.9 (0.9) | −11.00 (−20.38, −1.62) | 1.9 (0.9) | −11.48 (−17.82, −5.14) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.02 (−2.10, 6.14) | 1.9 (0.8) | −3.14 (−8.23, 1.95) |
Lives on a cul-de-sac | 24.1% | 24.23 (7.27, 41.19) | 29.6% | 13.57 (−1.66, 28.79) | 23.3% | −5.76 (−13.49, 1.97) | 28.0% | 0.31 (−7.40, 8.01) |
Number of pieces of electronic equipment at home (e.g., DVD player, PlayStation) | 5.1 (1.2) | 3.83 (−2.76, 10.41) | 5.1 (1.1) | 2.89 (−2.67, 8.46) | 5.1 (1.1) | 1.01 (−2.89, 4.91) | 5.0 (1.1) | 1.58 (−2.33, 5.49) |
Number of TVs at home | 2.2 (1.2) | 7.31 (1.89, 12.74) | 2.2 (1.1) | 14.08 (7.61, 20.55) | 2.2 (1.1) | −0.80 (−3.60, 2.00) | 2.2 (1.0) | 4.10 (1.00, 7.20) |
TV in child’s bedroom | 10.6% | 23.51 (4.75, 42.28) | 9.5% | 50.01 (23.84, 76.18) | 10.0% | 0.02 (−11.97, 12.01) | 7.1% | 12.36 (−1.91, 26.63) |
Computer/e-games in child’s bedroom | 4.2% | 11.34 (−28.46, 51.15) | 4.2% | 5.86 (−22.70, 34.41) | 4.1% | 17.37 (−9.11, 43.85) | 3.7% | 15.80 (−1.21, 32.81) |
Neighbourhood playground suitability (e.g., equipment, shade, safety) | 5.5 (4.4) | −2.98 (−5.30, −0.66) | 5.2 (4.4) | −2.71 (−4.15, −1.28) | 5.6 (4.2) | −0.92 (−1.65, −0.19) | 5.5 (4.5) | −0.31 (−1.13, 0.52) |
Neighbourhood constraints to active transport (e.g., busy roads) | 4.9 (4.4) | −1.46 (−3.19, 0.28) | 4.8 (4.6) | −2.06 (−3.50, −0.62) | 5.0 (4.4) | −0.65 (−1.28, −0.01) | 5.0 (4.4) | −0.42 (−1.34, 0.50) |
Total frequency of visiting active places per week | 6.5 (3.2) | 0.64 (−1.58, 2.85) | 5.9 (3.0) | 0.24 (−2.62, 3.10) | 6.4 (3.2) | −0.77 (−1.90, 0.37) | 5.9 (3.1) | −0.35 (−1.60, 0.90) |