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Table 2 The 2004 cohort: crude and adjusted effects of cesarean section on fat mass index, BMI Z-score and height at age 6, overall and by sex. Adjusted effects obtained through linear regression. 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil, 2010–11

From: Caesarean section and adiposity at 6, 18 and 30 years of age: results from three Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts

Type of delivery

All (N = 3317)

Males (N = 1708)

Females (N = 1609)

Coeff. (CI 95%)

Coeff. (CI 95%)

Coeff. (CI 95%)

Fat mass index at age 6

 Crude effect

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 C-section

0.51 (0.34;0.68)

0.60 (0.38;0.82)

0.48 (0.23;0.73)

 Adjusted (model 1)a

p = 0.002

p = 0.018

p = 0.008

 C-section

0.29 (0.11;0.47)

0.28 (0.05;0.52)

0.37 (0.09;0.64)

 Adjusted (model 2)b

p = 0.277

p = 0.532

p = 0.167

 C-section

0.10 (−0.08;0.28)

0.07 (−0.16;0.31)

0.18 (−0.08;0.44)

 Adjusted (model 3)c

p = 0.326

p = 0.574

p = 0.127

 C-section

0.09 (−0.09;0.27)

0.07 (−0.17;0.30)

0.20 (−0.06;0.46)

BMI Z-score at age 6

 Crude effect

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 C-section

0.32 (0.22;0.42)

0.39 (0.25;0.53)

0.24 (0.11;0.38)

 Adjusted (model 1)a

p < 0.001

p = 0.007

p = 0.011

 C-section

0.20 (0.10;0.31)

0.21 (0.06;0.37)

0.19 (0.04;0.33)

 Adjusted (model 2)b

p = 0.083

p = 0.331

p = 0.166

 C-section

0.09 (−0.01;0.20)

0.08 (−0.08;0.23)

0.10 (−0.04;0.24)

 Adjusted (model 3)c

p = 0.138

p = 0.567

p = 0.139

 C-section

0.08 (−0.03;0.18)

0.04 (−0.11;0.20)

0.11 (−0.03;0.24)

Height (cm) at age 6

 Crude effect

p < 0.001

p = 0.001

p = 0.002

 C-section

0.92 (0.53;1.30)

0.88 (0.35;1.40)

0.88 (0.32;1.43)

 Adjusted (model 1)a

p = 0.795

p = 0.839

p = 0.751

 C-section

0.05 (−0.35;0.46)

−0.06 (−0.62;0.50)

0.10 (−0.50;0.69)

 Adjusted (model 2)b

p = 0.161

p = 0.256

p = 0.253

 C-section

−0.29 (−0.71;0.12)

−0.33 (−0.90;0.24)

−0.35 (−0.94;0.25)

 Adjusted (model 3)c

p = 0.637

p = 0.391

p = 0.960

 C-section

−0.10 (−0.49;0.30)

−0.24 (−0.79;0.31)

−0.02 (−0.60;0.57)

  1. aModel 1: adjusted for economic position at birth, maternal schooling, mother’s skin colour and financing of delivery
  2. bModel 2: model 1 + mother’s BMI three months after the birth (linear and quadratic), parity, mother’s age at birth and smoking during pregnancy
  3. cModel 3: model 2 + birth weight and birth length