Table 3 Factors associated with incomplete child immunization identified by multilevel multivariate logistics regression models
Variable | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | aOR (CrI) | aOR (CrI) | aOR (CrI) | aOR (CrI) |
Measure of association | ||||
 Individual-level factors | ||||
  Maternal age | ||||
   15–24 |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   25–34 |  | 0.59(0.48–0.72) | 0.61(0.50–0.74) | 0.63(0,50–0.79) |
   35+ |  | 0.51(0.38–0.67) | 0.53(0.40–0.69) | 0.55(0.40–0.74) |
  Maternal education | ||||
   No education |  | 2.68(1.99–3.50) | 2.12(1.58–2.78) | 2.14(1.59–2.86) |
   Primary |  | 1.413(1.13–1.75) | 1.39(1.11–1.72) | 1.42(1.14–1.76) |
   Secondary/higher |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
  Wealth index | ||||
   Poor |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Middle |  | 0.57(0.43–0.75) | 0.72(0.52–0.99) | 0.76(0.55–1.03) |
   Rich |  | 0.29(0.20–0.39) | 0.44(0.31–0.64) | 0.48(0.32–0.69) |
   Marital status |  |  |  |  |
   Never married |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Ever married |  | 1.37(0.94–2.08) | 1.30(0.83–1.89) | 1.38(0.77–2.27) |
  Maternal occupation | ||||
   Not working |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Working |  | 0.93(0.77–1.14) | 1.02(0.83–1.22) | 1.02(0.83–1.23) |
  Sex of child | ||||
   Male (vs female) |  | 0.93(0.78–1.09) | 0.92(0.78–1.08) | 0.92(0.78–1.09) |
  Birth order | ||||
   1st -3rd order |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   4th -6th order |  | 1.51(1.24–1.85) | 1.56(1.27–1.90) | 1.53(1.24–1.86) |
   7th + order |  | 1.49(1.07–2.03) | 1.50(1.06–2.07) | 1.46(1.02–2.02) |
  Size of child at birth | ||||
   Large |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Average |  | 1.11(0.92–1.32) | 1.10(0.93–1.29) | 1.13(0.94–1.35) |
   Small |  | 1.30(0.97–1.68) | 1.28(0.98–1.64) | 1.32(1.002–1.72) |
  Exposure to media | ||||
   Never exposed |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Exposed |  | 0.92(0.75–1.14) | 0.99(0.79–1.24) | 1.03(0.79–1.31) |
   Antenatal care |  |  |  |  |
   Never attended |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Attended |  | 0.45(0.37–0.54) | 0.48(0.38–0.58) | 0.49(0.39–0.60) |
  Place of delivery | ||||
   Home |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Health facility |  | 0.57(0.46–0.69) | 0.61(0.49–0.75) | 0.62(0.51–0.74) |
 Community-level factors | ||||
  Residence | ||||
   Urban(vs Rural) |  |  | 0.67(0.52–0.84) | 0.66(0.50–0.82) |
   Getting to health facility |  |  |  |  |
   Not a problem |  |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   A problem |  |  | 1.25(0.99–1.54) | 1.28(1.02–1.57) |
   Ethnicity diversity index |  |  | 0.99(0.95–1.03) | 0.99(0.95–1.03) |
   Socioeconomic disadvantage |  |  |  |  |
   Tertile 1(least disadvantaged) |  |  | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
   Tertile 2 |  |  | 1.53(1.17–2.02) | 1.44(1.09–1.88) |
   Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged) |  |  | 3.69(2.09–6.50) | 2.93(1.60–4.71) |
 State-level factors | ||||
  Socioeconomic disadvantage | ||||
   Tertile 1(least disadvantaged) |  |  |  | 1 (reference) |
   Tertile 2 |  |  |  | 0.88(0.57–1.28) |
   Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged) |  |  |  | 2.69(1.37–4.73) |
Measures of variation | ||||
  State level |  |  |  |  |
   Variance (SE) | 2.270(1.330–3.730) | 0.388(0.179–0.740) | 0.282(0.113–0.567) | 0.205(0.081–0.412) |
   Explained variation (%) | Reference | 82.9 | 87.6 | 91.0 |
   ICC (%) | 31.80 | 8.76 | 6.36 | 4.72 |
   MOR | 4.18 | 1.81 | 1.66 | 1.54 |
  Community level |  |  |  |  |
   Variance (SE) | 1.578(1.216–1.979) | 0.752(0.512–1.013) | 0.863(0.610–1.144) | 0.838(0.598–1.104) |
   Explained variation (%) | Reference | 52.3 | 45.3 | 46.9 |
   ICC (%) | 53.91 | 25.74 | 25.82 | 24.06 |
   MOR | 3.30 | 2.28 | 2.42 | 2.39 |
  Model fit statistics | ||||
   Bayesian DIC | 4791 | 4581 | 4542 | 4540 |