| Hypertension | Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | n (%) HTN | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value* | n (%) DM | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value* |
 Study site (N = 952) | ||||||||
  Rural | 99 (21.0) | 1 | 1 | 0.66 | 16 (3.4) | 1 | 1 | 0.40 |
  Urban | 127 (26.5) | 1.36 (1.00, 1.83) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.60) |  | 23 (4.8) | 1.43 (0.75, 2.75) | 1.38 (0.65, 2.92) |  |
 Gender (N = 952) | ||||||||
  Female | 160 (23.4) | 1 | 1 | 0.94 | 29 (4.3) | 1 | 1 | 0.32 |
  Male | 66 (24.5) | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.49) |  | 10 (3.7) | 0.87 (0.42–1.81) | 0.63 (0.26, 1.55) |  |
 Age in years (N = 952) |  |  |  | <0.01* |  |  |  | <0.12* |
<0.01 ¥ | 0.02 ¥ | |||||||
  18–34 | 22 (10.5) | 1 | 1 |  | 5 (2.4) | 1 | 1 |  |
  35–44 | 47 (13.0) | 1.28 (0.75, 2.19) | 1.09 (0.61, 1.96) |  | 13 (3.6) | 1.53 (0.54, 4.36) | 1.51 (0.47, 4.91) |  |
  45–54 | 87 (36.6) | 4.92 (2.94, 8.24) | 4.50 (2.55, 7.95) |  | 11 (4.6) | 1.99 (0.68, 5.81) | 2.16 (0.64, 7.27) |  |
   ≥ 55 | 70 (49.0) | 8.19 (4.72, 14.20) | 7.46 (4.02, 13.84) |  | 10 (7.0) | 3.08 (1.03, 9.22) | 3.91 (1.12, 13.62) |  |
 Education level (N = 952) |  |  |  | 0.37 |  |  |  | 0.85 |
  None | 62 (30.4) | 1 | 1 |  | 8 (3.9) | 1 | 1 |  |
  Standard 1–8 | 122 (21.2) | 0.62 (0.43–0.88) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.13) |  | 25 (4.3) | 1.11 (0.49–2.51) | 1.23 (0.51, 2.98) |  |
  Secondary & above | 42 (24.6) | 0.75 (0.47–1.18) | 0.83 (0.46, 1.49) |  | 6 (3.5) | 0.89 (0.30–2.62) | 1.01 (0.31, 3.30) |  |
 Household size (N = 951) | ||||||||
   ≤ 3 | 180 (22.9) | 1 |  |  | 35 (4.5) | 1 |  |  |
   > 3 | 46 (27.9) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.90) |  |  | 4 (2.4) | 0.53 (0.19, 1.52) |  |  |
 Employment status (N = 952) | ||||||||
  Employed | 30 (26.8) | 1 |  |  | 6 (5.4) | 1 |  |  |
  Unemployed | 58 (22.8) | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) |  |  | 9 (3.5) | 0.65 (0.22–1.86) |  |  |
  Self Employed | 138 (23.6) | 0.84 (0.53–1.34) |  |  | 24 (4.1) | 0.76 (0.30–1.89) |  |  |
 Physical activity (N = 952) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.51 |
  Less active | 33 (33.7) | 1 | 1 | 0.56 | 6 (6.1) | 1 | 1 |  |
  Active | 193 (22.6) | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.48) |  | 33 (3.9) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.51) | 0.72 (0.27, 1.91) |  |
 Fruit servings/ day (N = 906) | ||||||||
   ≤ 1 | 147 (22.8) | 1 |  |  | 30 (4.7) | 1 |  |  |
   > 1 | 64 (24.5) | 1.10 (0.79. 1.54) |  |  | 9 (3.5) | 0.73 (0.34, 1.56) |  |  |
 Vegetables servings/day (N = 951) | ||||||||
   ≤ 1 | 45 (22.8) | 1 |  |  | 10 (5.1) | 1 |  |  |
   > 1 | 181 (24,0) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.55) |  |  | 29 (3.9) | 0.75 (0.36, 1.56) |  |  |
 Current smokers (N = 952) | ||||||||
  No | 219 (23.9) | 1 |  |  | 36 (3.9) | 1 |  |  |
  Yes | 7 (20.6) | 0.83 (0.36–1.93) |  |  | 3 (8.8) | 2.37 (0.69–8.12) |  |  |
 Alcohol use in the past 12 months (N = 952) | ||||||||
  No | 206 (24.1) | 1 |  |  | 37 (4.3) | 1 |  |  |
  Yes | 20 (20.6) | 0.82 (0.49–1.37) |  |  | 2 (2.1) | 0.47 (0.11–1.96) |  |  |
 ART Status (N = 952) | ||||||||
  On ART | 216 (23.7) | 1 |  |  | 38 (4.2) | 1 |  |  |
  Pre-ART | 10 (25.6) | 1.11 (0.53–2.32) |  |  | 1 (2.6) | 0.61 (0.08–4.53) |  |  |
 ART duration, months (N = 913) | ||||||||
   ≤ 24 | 40 (17.5) | 1 | 1 | 0.77 | 5 (2.2) | 1 | 1 | 0.18 |
   > 24 | 176 (25.7) | 1.64 (1.12, 2.40) | 1.07 (0.66, 1.73) |  | 33 (4.8) | 2.27 (0.88, 5.89) | 2.17 (0.70, 6.70) |  |
 CD4 count at ART initiation (N = 632) | ||||||||
   ≤ 250 | 104 (25.2) | 1 |  |  | 17 (4.1) | 1 |  |  |
   > 250 | 47 (21.4) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) |  |  | 9 (4.1) | 0.99 (0.43, 2.26) |  |  |
 WHO stage at ART initiation (N = 914) |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |
  WHO Stage 1 | 49 (17.8) | 1 | 1 |  | 8 (2.9) | 1 | 1 | 0.99 |
  WHO Stage 2 | 81 (26.5) | 1.66 (1.11–2.48) | 1.23 (0.76, 1.99) |  | 13 (4.3) | 1.48 (0.60–3.63) | 1.10 (0.42, 2.85) |  |
  WHO Stage 3 | 77 (28.5) | 1.84 (1.22–2.76) | 1.13 (0.68, 1.87) |  | 14 (5.2) | 1.83 (0.75–4.42) | 1.01 (0.38, 2.68) |  |
  WHO Stage 4 | 10 (15.9) | 0.87 (0.41–1.83) | 0.31 (0.13, 0.76) |  | 3 (4.8) | 1.67 (0.43–6.48) | 1.11 (0.27, 4.62) |  |
 Current ART regimen (N = 913) |  |  |  | <0.01 |  |  |  |  |
  5A | 157 (20.3) | 1 | 1 |  | 30 (3.9) | 1 | 1 | 0.01 |
  2A | 49 (45.8) | 3.33 (2.19, 5.05) | 2.80 (1.71, 4.61) |  | 3 (2.8) | 0.72 (0.21, 2.39) | 0.46 (0.13, 1.58) |  |
  Other | 10 (32.3) | 1.87 (0.86–4.06) | 1.96 (0.82, 4.71) |  | 5 (16.1) | 4.78 (1.71–13.30) | 4.75 (1.60, 14.11) |  |
 BMI categories (N = 952) |  |  |  | <0.01* |  |  |  | 0.73* |
<0.01 ¥ | 0.37 ¥ | |||||||
  Underweight | 145 (21.3) | 1 | 1 |  | 25 (3.7) | 1 | 1 |  |
  Normal | 21 (20.6) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.61) | 0.76 (0.43, 1.35) |  | 6 (5.9) | 1.64 (0.66, 4.11) | 1.65 (0.63, 4.33) |  |
  Overweight | 40 (30.0) | 1.61 (1.06–2.44) | 1.47 (0.90, 2.41) |  | 6 (4.6) | 1.25 (0.50–3.11) | 1.33 (0.51, 3.46) |  |
  Obesity | 20 (55.6) | 4.63 (2.34–9.16) | 3.67 (1.56, 8.64) |  | 2 (5.6) | 1.54 (0.35–6.80) | 1.55 (0.33, 7.39) |  |
 Waist-to-hip ratio (N = 927) |  |  |  | 0.56 |  |  |  | 0.85 |
  Normal | 157 (23.2) | 1 | 1 |  | 26 (3.8) | 1 | 1 |  |
  Elevated | 67 (26.9) | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.71) |  | 12 (4.8) | 1.27 (0.63–2.56) | 1.08 (0.50, 2.31) |  |
 Proteinuria (N = 948)** |  |  |  | 0.08* |  |  |  |  |
0.04Â¥ | ||||||||
  Normal | 218 (23.5) | 1 | 1 |  | 38 (4.1) | 1 |  |  |
  1+ | 2 (15.4) | 0.59 (0.13–2.69) | 0.92 (0.16, 5.25) |  | 0 (0.0) | - |  |  |
  2+ | 5 (71.4) | 8.14 (1.57–42.26) | 8.25 (1.25, 54.44) |  | 1 (14.3) | 3.90 (0.46–33.24) |  |  |