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Table 2 Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemias, elevated cardio/cerebro-vascular disease risk and proteinuria among patients at a rural and an urban HIV clinic in Zomba District, Malawi

From: The burden of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular risk factors among adult Malawians in HIV care: consequences for integrated services

Outcomes

Overall

Rural

Urban

p-value

n/N (%)

95% CI

n/N (%)

95% CI

n/N (%)

95% CI

Hypertension

226/952 (23.7%)

21.1–26.6

99/472 (21.0)

17.5–24.9

127/480 (26.5)

22.7–30.6

0.047

Diabetes mellitus

39/952 (4.1%)

3.0–5.6

16/472 (3.4)

2.1–5.5

23/480 (4.8)

3.2–7.1

0.275

Hypertension + diabetes mellitus

11/952 (1.2%)

0.6–2.1

3/472 (0.6)

0.2–1.9

8/480 (1.7)

0.8–3.3

0.137

Raised total cholesterol

86/554 (15.5%)

12.7–18.8

44/277 (15.9)

10.0–20.7

42/277 (15.2)

11.4–90.9

0.814

Decreased HDL cholesterol

88/554 (15.9%)

13.1–19.2

46/277 (16.6)

12.7–21.5

42/277 (15.2)

11.4–19.9

0.642

Raised total/HDL cholesterol ratio

21/554 (3.8%)

2.5–5.6

11/277 (4.0)

2.2–7.1

10/277 (3.6)

1.9–6.6

0.842

Hypertriglyceridemia

159/554 (28.7%)

25.1–32.6

87/277 (31.4)

26.2–37.1

72/277 (26.0)

21.1–31.5

0.159

Framingham score, risk >20%a

13/551 (2.4%)

1.4–4.0

8/277 (2.9)

1.4–5.7

5/274 (1.8)

0.8–4.3

0.411

WHO/ISH score, risk >20%a

13/379 (3.4%)

2.0–5.8

6/180 (3.3)

1.5–7.3

7/199 (3.5)

1.8–7.2

0.922

Proteinuriab

20/948 (2.1%)

1.4–3.2

2/472 (0.4%)

0.1–1.7

18/476 (3.8%)

2.4–6.0

0.001

  1. n numerator, d denominator, HDL high-density lipoprotein, WHO World Health Organization, ISH International Society for Hypertension
  2. aIndicating the risk of experiencing a fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke in the next 10 years
  3. bGrade 1+ and 2+ proteinuria as determined by dipstick urine testing